RADIATION

HEAT TRANSFER
Dr. K. Kannan

1
 Modes of
Heat Transfer

2
Thermal radiation refers to radiation energy
emitted by bodies by virtue of their temperature.
All bodies at a temperature above absolute
temperature emit thermal radiation
Radiation may occur in
even vacuum
Radiation is volumetric
phenomenon Hot object
Radiation

Vacuum
chamber

3
How the earth receives the heat from the sun?

Radiation

Sun Earth

4
Thermal
Radiation
Images

5
 Thermos Bottle

A thermos bottle minimizes energy transfer

due to convection, conduction, and radiation.
Stopper- minimize conduction.
Double-walled glass vessel with the space
between the walls is evacuated to minimize
energy losses due to conduction and
convection.
The silvered surfaces reflect most of the
radiant energy that would otherwise enter or
leave the liquid in the thermos.
6
Radiation Theories
Maxwells Electromagnetic Theory - 1864

Radiation is treated as electromagnetic waves

Speed of light in the medium

Frequency
Wavelenth of electromag netic wave
c

co = Speed of light in vacuum = 2.998 x 108 m/s

7
Planks Quantum Theory - 1990
Radiation of propagation of discrete packets
(quanta) of energy
hc
e h

h = Planks constant = 6.625 x 10-34 J.s

Waves with shorter wavelength will have higher energy

8
Portion of spectrum of radiation

Thermal radiation: 0.1 100 m

Visible light : 0.4 0.7 m
9
Wave length of different Colour
Colour Range of wave length
Violet 0.40 0.44 m
Blue 0.44 0.49 m
Green 0.49 0.54 m
Yellow 0.54 0.60 m
Orange 0.60 0.67 m
Red 0.67 0.76 m

10
Black body is an idealized body which absorbs all
incident radiation from all directions at all wave
length without reflecting and transmitting

Spectral black body radiation intensity

The radiation energy emitted by a black body at
an absolute temperature T, streaming through unit
area perpendicular to the direction of propagation
per unit wave length per unit solid angle about the
direction of propagation of the beam.

11
Elemental solid angle
dA
d 2
r
dA = Elemental area
r = Distance
Solid angle of sphere

4r 2
2 4
r
Solid angle of hemisphere

2r 2
2 2
r

12
Spectral black body radiation intensity
2
2hc
I b
5 hc
exp 1
kT
h = Planks constant = 6.625 x 10-34 Js
c = Speed of light in vacuum = 2.998 x 108 m/s
k = Boltzman constant = 1.38054 x 10-23 JK
T = Absolute temperature K

13
Spectral black body emissive power

The radiation energy emitted by a black body

at an absolute temperature T per unit area
per unit time in all direction
Eb I b W/m m2

c1
Eb
5 c2
exp 1
T
c1 = 3.743 x 108 W m4/m2 ; c2 = 1.4387 x 104 m K

14
Example 1: Consider a 20 cm side cube at 1000 K
suspended in air. Assuming that the body is closely
approximate a black body, determine
(a) Rate at which the cube emits radiation
(b) The spectral back body emissive power
at a wave length of 4 m.

0.2 m
Surface area of cube
0.2 m
= 6 x 0.2 x 0.2 = 0.24 m2

Rate of radiation from the surface

1000 K
AT 4 0.24 5.67 10 8 10004 13608 W

15
The spectral emissive power

c1 3.472 108
Eb
5 c2
4
exp 1.4387 10
1 4 exp
5
1
T 4 1000
10291.8 W / m 2 m

16
Weins
displacement
law

maxT = 2898 m.K

17
Example 2: At what wave length is the maximum
radiative power emitted from an engine exhaust pipe
which at 600oC

The maximum wavelengt h

max T 2897.6
2897.6
max 3.32 m
600 273

18
Example 3: Consider a black body at 1450 K emitting
into air. (a) Determine the wave length at which the
black body spectral emissive power is maximum
(b) Calculate the corresponding spectral emissive
power and spectral black body radiation intensity.

The maximum wavelengt h

max T 2897.6
2897.6
max 2 m
1450
19
The spectral emissive power

c1 3.472 108
Eb
5 c2
4
exp 1.4387 10
1 2 exp
5
1
T 2 1450
82522.6 W / m 2 m

Spectral black body radiation intensity

Eb 82522.6
I b 26267.8 W/m Sr 2

20
Stefan Boltzman law
The radiation energy emitted by a black body
at an absolute temperature (T) over all wave length
per unit time per unit area is called black body
emissive power

c1
Eb d
c2
exp
0 5
1
T
Eb T 4
W/m 2

= Stefan Boltzman constant = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4

21
Emissive power with respect to temperature

4.E+07
4.E+07
Emissive power (W/m2)

3.E+07
3.E+07
2.E+07
2.E+07
1.E+07
5.E+06
0.E+00
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Absolute Temperature (K)

22
What happen to the energy incident on
to the surface?

23
Radiation properties of real surfaces

Emissivity is defined as the ratio of energy

emitted by a real surface to the energy emitted
by a black surface at the same temperature
Emissive power of real surface

Emissive power of black surface
E
Emissivity for a real surface varies
between 0 and 1
Eb
Emissivity of black surface is one

24
Absorptivity of a surface is the ratio of radiant
energy absorbed by the surface to the radiant
energy incident on the surface

Radiant energy absorbed by the surface

Radiant energy incident on the surface
Qa

Qi
For a black surface = 1

25
Reflectivity of a surface is the ratio of radiant
energy reflected by the surface to the radiant
energy incident on the surface.

Radiant energy reflected by the surface

Radiant energy incident on the surface
Qr

Qi
Reflectivity of white surface = 1

26
 Types of reflection

1 = 2

Specular reflection Diffuse reflection

27
Transmissivity of a surface is the ratio of radiant
energy transmitted by the surface to the radiant
energy incident on the surface

Radiant energy tra nsmitted by the surface

Radiant energy incident on the surface
Qt

Qi

28
 Relation between radiation properties

For a real surface

Qa Qr Qt
1
Qi Qi Qi
1

If a surface is opaque to radiation, =0, then

1

29
Spectral hemispherical emissivity
Spectral hemispherical emissivity is the ratio of
spectral radiation emitted from a real surface at
an absolute temperature T to the black body
emissive power at the same temperature at a
particular wave length
E

Eb
The average value of over all wave length is called as
emissivity

30
Spectral hemispherical absorptivity
Spectral hemispherical absorptivity is the ratio
of amount of radiation absorbed by the surface
to the spectral radiation incident upon the surface
at the same temperature at a particular wave length

a
Q
i
Q
The average value of over all wave lengths is called
as absorptivity
31
 Spectral hemispherical reflectivity
Spectral hemispherical reflectivity is the ratio of
amount of radiation reflected by the surface to the
spectral radiation incident upon the surface at the
same temperature at a particular wave length
r
Q
i
Q
The average value of over all wave lengths is called
as reflectivity

32
Spectral hemispherical transmissivity
Spectral hemispherical transmissivity is the ratio
of amount of radiation transmitted by the surface
to the spectral radiation incident upon the surface
at the same temperature at a particular wave length

t
Q
i
Q
The average value of over all wave lengths is called
as transmissivity

33
Relation between radiation properties

For a real surface

a r t
Q Q Q
i
i i 1
Q Q Q
1
If a surface is opaque to radiation, =0, then
1

34
Reflectivity and absorptivity of different materials

1 White fire clay

2 Asbestos
3 Cork
4 Wood
5 Porcelain
6 Concrete
7 Aluminium
8 Graphite

35
 Kirchhoffs law
The emissivity and absorptivity of a body are
related by Kirchhoffs law

A = Surface area
of the solid (m2)
qi = Radiant energy
incident upon
the surface (W/m2)
= Absorptivity of
the surface
E = Emissive power of the
surface per unit area W/m2
36
 For a real surface
Radiant energy absorbed by the surface = qi A

Radiant energy emitted by the surface = E A

At thermal equilibrium condition, qi A = E A

Now, the solid is replaced by a black body of similar shape

and surface area and allowed to reach thermal equilibrium.

For a black body qi A = Eb A

qi A EA E
Then,
qi A Eb A Eb
E
Earlier, we defined emissivity of a real surface
Eb

37
So, for a real surface at same temperature =

Kirchhoffs law states that the emissivity

of a body is equal to its absorptivity
at the same temperature.

38
 Radiation shape factor
The radiation heat exchange two surfaces depend on
Temperature
Radiation properties
Surface geometries
Orientation of surfaces
The orientation of the surfaces in the radiation analysis
is included in the form of shape factor
The shape factor is also known as angle factor, view
factor or configuration factor
The shape factor is the fraction of the radiative energy
leaving one surface that strikes the other surface
directly
39
Effect of orientation on energy striking the surface

40
A1 & A2 = Area of surfaces
dA1 & dA2 = Elemental area
r = Line connecting the centers and
distance between the surfaces
1 & 2 = Angles between the normal and r

Coordinates for the definition of shape factor

41
The rate of radiative energy dQ1 leaving dA1 that
strikes dA2
Rate of radiation leaves dA1 Solid
dQdA1 dA2
in the direction 1 angle

dQdA1dA2 dA1 I1 cos1 d12

dA2 cos 2
Solid angle d12
r2

dA1 dA2 I1 cos1 cos 2

Then, dQdA1 dA2
r2
42
The total radiative energy leaves the surface area
dA1 in all directions
dQ1 I1 dA1
The elemental shape factor is the ratio of the
radiative energy leaving dA1 that strikes dA2 to
the total radiative energy leaving dA1 in all
directions.
Raditive energy leaving

Elemental dA1 that strikes dA 2

shape factor Total radiative energy

leaving dA in all directions
1

43
 dQdA1dA2 cos1 cos2 dA2
dFdA1dA2
dQdA1 r 2

The shape factor from an elemental area dA1

to a finite area A2 can be determined by
integrating the equation over A2

cos1 cos 2
dFdA1 A2 dA2
A2
r 2

44
The total rate of radiation leaves the entire area A1

QA1 I1 A1
The portion of radiative energy leaving A1 that strikes dA2
can be determined by
I1 cos1 cos 2 dA2
QA1dA2 dQdA1dA2 2
dA1
A1 A1
r
Integrating the above equation over A2 gives the radiation
leaving entire area A1 that strikes the entire area A2
I1 cos1 cos 2
QA1 A2 2
dA2 dA1
A2 A1
r
45
 The shape factor between surface 1 to 2

QA1 A2 1 cos1 cos 2

F12 dA1 dA2
QA1 A1 A2 A1 r 2

Similarly, the shape factor between the surface 2 to 1

QA2 A1 1 cos1 cos 2
F21
QA2

A2 A A r 2 dA1 dA2
2 1

In general, Fij = the fraction of radiation leaving surface i

that strikes surface j directly

46
 Shape factor relations
Reciprocity rule:
The shape factor between two surfaces F12 and
F21 are related by
A1F12 = A2F21
Summation rule:
The sum of shape factors from a surface i of an
enclosure to all surfaces of the enclosure,
including itself , must be equal to unity.
N

F
j 1
i j 1 N = Number of surfaces

47
 Consider a three surfaces
enclosure
2

3 3
F
j 1
11 F12 F13 1

48
Method to determine shape factor

49
Shape factor for equal and parallel squares, rectangles and discs

P90

50
Shape factor for
parallel rectangles
in opposite
direction

P91
51
 Shape factor for perpendicular rectangles

P93

52
Shape factor for coaxial discs of different radii

P97

53
Shape factor for short concentric cylinders

P103

54
 Radiation heat exchange between black surfaces

1 2 The net heat transfer from surface1 to 2

Radiation leaving Radiation leaving

T2 Q12 the entire surface 1 the entire surface 2
T1 that strikes surface 2 that strikes surface 1

A1 A2
Q12 A1F12 Eb1 A2 F 21Eb 2

From the reciprocity rule, A1F12 = A2F21

Q12 A1F12 Eb1 Eb 2 A1F12 T T 1

4
2
4
watts
Negative value of Q12 indicates the heat transfer from surface 2 to 1

55
 Consider an enclosure consisting of N black surfaces
maintained at different temperatures. The net radiation
heat transfer from any surface i of this enclosure is
determined by adding up the net radiation heat transfer
form surface i to each of the surface of the enclosure

jN jN
Qi Qi j Ai F1 j T T
1
4
j
4

j 1 j 1

Negative sign indicates net heat transfer is to the surface i

The net heat transfer to a surface from itself is zero

56
Example 4: Consider a cubical furnace of size
4m x 4m x 4m whose surface closely approximate
black surfaces. The base, top and side surfaces are
maintained at uniform temperature of 800 K, 1500 K and
500 K respectively. Determine (a) The net radiation
heat transfer between the base and top surfaces
(b) The net radiation heat transfer between the base and
side surfaces and (c) The radiation heat transfer from the
base surface.

57
58
 The shape factor between surface 1 and 2: F12 = 0.2
1500 K 500 K
2 F13 = 1 F11 F12
F13 = 1 0 0.2 = 0.8
3
4m The net radiation heat transfer
between the base and the top
1 surfaces.

4m

Q12 A1 F12 T14 T24
800 K
4 4 0.2 5.67 10 8 800 4 1500 4
844222.2 W
59
The net radiation heat transfer between the base
and the side surfaces

Q13 A1 F13 T14 T34

4 4 0.8 5.67 10 8 800 4 500 4
251911.3 W
The net radiation heat transfer from the base
surfaces
N
Qi Qi j Q11 Q12 Q13
j 1

Q1 0 844222.2 251911.3
325310.9 W
60
Radiation heat exchange between gray surfaces
The total radiant incident on a gray (non black)
surface is partially absorbed, partially reflected
and partially transmitted.
For an opaque surface, the transmissivity is zero
and the surface absorbs and reflects the incident
radiation.
Assumptions:
The surface are diffuse and are in uniform temperature
The reflectivity and absorptivity of the surface are constant
No energy is transmitted through the surface

61
Irradiation, G, is the total radiation
incident upon the surface per unit
time per unit area. Radiosity, J

Radiosity, J is
Reflected Emitted
the sum of Incident radiation radiation
reflected radiation radiation
and emitted
radiation.
G G Eb
The G and J are
uniform for the
surface

62
 Heat energy emitted Heat energy reflected
Radiosity
by the surface by the surface

J = Eb + G

We know that, + + = 1

For an opaque surface, = 0 and + = 1 (or) = 1-

From Kirchhoffs law, =

So, = 1-
J = Eb + (1- ) G
63
 Net heat energy leaving
Radiosity Irradiatio n
the surface per unit area

J G Eb 1 G G
Q
A
Q
Eb J
A 1

Eb J Potential difference
Q
1 Surface resistance

A
64
 Surface
resistance

1
A
Eb J

Black Radiosity
body
radiation,
T4

65
The amount of heat leaving the surface A1 in all directions
is J1A1.
The amount of energy that strikes the surface 2 is A1J1F12

1 2 Q12 A1J1F12
J1A1
J1A1F12 Similarly, the amount of heat
leaves the surface A2 in all
J2A2 directions is J2A2

J2A2F12
The amount of energy that
strikes the surface 1 is A2J2F21

Q21 A2 J 2 F21
66
From the reciprocity rule, A1F12 = A2F21
Therefore, Q21 = A1F12J2

The net heat exchange between these two surfaces

Q12 = J1A1F12 J2A1F12 = A1F12(J1 J2)

J1 J 2 Potential difference
Q12
1 Shape factor resistance

A1 F12

67
 Heat transfer

Q12
J1 J2

1
A1F12

Shape factor
resistance

68
 Shape
Surface factor Surface
resistance 1 resistance resistance 2
J1 J2
Eb1 Eb2

1 1 1 1 2
A1 1 A1F12
A2 2

Qnet
Eb1 Eb 2


T14 T24
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2

A11 A1F12 A2 2 A11 A1F12 A2 2
69
Long parallel plates

A1. T1, 1
F12 = F21 =1
A2. T2, 2

A T14 T24
Qnet watts
1 1
1
1 2

70
Example 5: Two very long parallel plates are maintained
at uniform temperatures of 600oC and 400oC and
emissivity of 0.5 and 0.8 respectively. Determine the
net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two
surfaces per unit area.

T1=600oC 1=0.5
F12 = F21 =1
T2=400oC 2=0.8

Qnet T14 T24 5.67 10 8 8734 6734


A 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 2 0.5 0.8
9.47 kW/m 2
71
Long Concentric
Cylinders 2
F12 F21 1
A1 : Area of cylinder 1
A2 : Area of cylinder 2
T1 : Temp of cylinder 1 1
T2 : Temp of cylinder 2
1: Emissivity of cylinder 1, 2 : Emissivity of cylinder 2,
L : Length of the cylinder

A1 T14 T24
Qnet watts
1 r1 1
1
1 r2 2
72
Example 6: Two very long concentric cylinders of inner
diameter 0.2 m and outer diameter 0.5 m are maintained
at uniform temperatures of 800 K and 400 K and have
emissivity of 0.9 and 0.7 respectively. Determine the net
rate of radiation heat exchange between the cylinders
per unit length.

For long concentric cylinders,

the net radiation heat exchange is

A1 T14 T24
5.67 10 8 0.2 1 800 4 400 4
Qnet
1 r1 1 1

0.1 1


1 1
1 r2 2 0.9 0.25 0.7
10.67 kW

73
Concentric Spheres
Surface 1
T1, r1, 1

A1 T14 T24
Qnet watts
1 r 2
1
1
1
1 r 2
2
2
Surface 2
T2, r2, 2

74
 Example 7: Two concentric spheres of diameters
0.8 m and 1.2 m have surface temperatures 450 K and
300 K respectively. If the surface emissivity are 0.5
and 0.05 respectively. Determine the net radiation
heat exchange between the two spheres.
For concentric spheres, the net radiation heat
exchange is

A1 T14 T24
5.67 10 8 4 0.4 2 450 4 300 4
Qnet
1 r1 1
2
1 0.4 2 1
2 1 2
1
1 r2 2 0.5 0.6 0.05
359 W

75
 Radiation shield

A1 A3 A3 A2
T1 T3 T3
T2
1 31 32 2

Surface 1 Surface 2

Eb1 J1 J31 Eb3 J32 J2 Eb2

1 1 1 1 31 1 32 1 1 2
A1 1 A1F13 A3 31 A3 32 A2 F23 A2 2

76
 T14 T24
Qnet
1 1 1 1 31 1 32 1 1 2

A11 A1F13 A3 31 A3 32 A2 F23 A2 2

Assuming A1 = A2 = A3
For long parallel plates, F13 = F31 = F23 = F32 = 1

The net heat exchange between plates 1 and 2 with one

radiation shield in between is given by

A T14 T24
Qnet
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 2 31 32
77
If the emissivity of all the surfaces are equal
1 = 31 = 32 = 2 =

The net heat exchange for one radiation shield is given by

A T T
4 4

Qnet (1) 1 2
2
2 1

For N numbers of shield, the above equation is generalized as

A T T 4 4

Qnet ( N ) 1 2
2
N 1 1

78
The net heat exchange between the concentric
cylinders and spheres when a radiation shield is
inserted in between them

A1 T T4 4

Qnet 1 2

1 A1 1 A1 1 1
1 1
1 A2 2 A3 31 32

79
Example 8: Consider two large parallel plates, one at
T1 K with emissivity 0.8 and other T2 K with
emissivity of 0.3. An aluminium radiation shield with
an emissivity of 0.06 is placed between the plates.
Calculate the percentage reduction in heat transfer
rate resulting from the radiation shield.

The net heat transfer without radiation shield

Eb1 Eb 2 Eb1 Eb 2
Q 0.279Eb1 Eb 2
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 2 0.8 0.3

80
 The net heat transfer with the radiation shield
Eb1 Eb 2
Q
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 2 31 32
Eb1 Eb 2
0.0278Eb1 Eb 2
1 1 1 1
1
1
0.8 0.3 0.06 0.06

The percentage of reduction in heat transfer

Q Q 0.279 0.0278
100 90%
Q 0.279
81
Example 9: Consider two large parallel plates, one at
900 K with emissivity 0.8 and other at 300 K with
emissivity of 0.6. A radiation shield is placed in
between these two plates with an emissivity of 0.2
both sides. Calculate the reduction in heat transfer
between the plates as a result of radiation shield and
also determine the equilibrium temperature of the
radiation shield.

The radiation heat transfer without the radiation shield

per unit area

Q T14 T24 5.67 10 8 9004 2004


A 1 1 1 1

1
1
1 2 0.8 0.6
19189.5 W/m 2 82
The radiation heat transfer with the radiation shield
per unit area
Q


T14 T24
A 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 2 31 32

5.67 10 8 900 4 200 4
3364.6 W/m 2

1 1 1 1
1 1
0.8 0.6 0.2 0.2

The reduction in heat transfer between the plates

= Q Q = 19169.5 3364.6 = 15804.9 W

83
The equilibrium temperature of the radiation shield

T14 T34 T34 T24

1 1 1 1
1 1
1 31 32 2

5.67 10 8 900 4 T34


5.67 10 8 T34 300 4
1 1 1 1
1 1
0.8 0.2 0.2 0.6

Solving the equation, T3 = 786 K

84
Example 10. Consider two long parallel plates, one at
800 K with emissivity 0.9 and other at 300 K with
emissivity 0.6. A radiation shield having and equal
emissivity 3 on both sides is inserted between the
parallel plates. Calculate the emissivity of the radiation
shield in order to reduce the radiative heat transfer
between the two plates to 10% of that without radiation
shield.

The heat transfer without radiation shield

Q T14 T24 5.67 10 8 800 4 300 4

12805.4 W/m 2
A 1 1 1 1

1
1
1 2 0.9 0.6

85
The heat transfer with the radiation shield
'
Q Q
0.1 0.112805.4 1280.54 W/m 2
A A

Q'


T14 T24
A 1 1 2
1 1
1 2 3

5.67 10 8 800 4 300 4 1280.54 W/m 2
1 1 2
1 1
0.9 0.6 3

Solving the equation, 3 = 0.087

86
Example 11: Two coaxial cylinder of inner radius 5 cm
and enter outer radius 15 cm which are maintained at
1000 K and 300 K respectively. The emissivity of the
surfaces are 0.6 and 0.9 respectively. Calculate the
heat exchange between the cylinders per metre length
of the cylinder. A radiation shield of radius 10 cm
having an emissivity 0.1 is placed coaxially between the
cylinders. Calculate the heat exchange between the
cylinders and equilibrium temperature of the shield.

Area of inner cylinder

A1 = 2r1L = 2 x 3.14 x 0.05 x 1 = 0.314 m2

Area of outer cylinder

A2 = 2r2L = 2 x 3.14 x 0.15 x 1 = 0.942 m2

87
The heat exchange between the cylinders without
radiation shield

Q

A1 T14 T24

0.314 5.67 10 8 1000 4 300 4
1 A1 1 1 0.314 1


1 1
1 A2 2 0.6 0.942 0.9
10365.4 W

Area of the radiation shield per m length

A3 = 2r3L = 2 x 3.14 x 0.1 x 1 = 0.628 m2

88
The heat exchange between the inner and outer
cylinders with the radiation shield

Q

A1 T T
1
4
2
4

1 A1 1 A1 1 1
1 1
1 A2 2 A3 31 32

8

0.314 5.67 10 1000 300
4 4

1 0.314 1 0.314 2
1 1
0.6 0.942 0.9 0.628 0.1
1576.2 W

89
 The equilibrium temperature of the shield

A1 T14 T34


A3 T34 T24
1 A1 1 1 A3 1
1 1
1 A3 31 32 A2 2

0.324 5.67 10 8 1000 4 T34


0.628 5.67 10 8 T34 300 4
1 0.314 1 1 0.628 1
1 1
0.6 0.628 0.1 0.1 0.942 0.9

Solving the equation, T3 = 821.2 K

90
Example 12: Consider two concentric spheres. The
inner sphere has diameter 0.4 m and is maintained at
600 K. The outer sphere has diameter 0.6 m and is
maintained at 400 K. The emissivities are 0.9 and 0.1
respectively. Determine the total heat transfer rate
between the spheres.

Area of inner sphere

A1 = 4r12 = 4 x 3.14 x 0.22 = 0.503 m2

Area of outer sphere

A2 = 4r22 = 4 x 3.14 x 0.32 = 1.31 m2

91
The radiation heat transfer between the spheres

Q

A1 T T1
4
2
4

1 A1 1
1
1 A2 2

8
0.503 5.67 10 600 400 4 4

1 0.503 1
1
0.9 1.31 0.1
649.5 W

92
Example 13: A spherical tank of radius 0.25 m containing
liquid oxygen is enclosed inside another spherical tank
of radius 0.4 m and the space between them is evacuated.
The inner and outer spheres are maintained at 90 K and
280 K respectively. Both the spheres have an emissivity
of 0.05. Calculate the heat transfer rate to the inner
sphere and the rate of evaporation of liquid oxygen.
Take hfg = 2.5 x 105 J/kg K for oxygen

Area of inner sphere

A1 = 4r12 = 4 x 3.14 x 0.252 = 0.7854 m2

Area of outer sphere

A2 = 4r22 = 4 x 3.14 x 0.42 = 2.01 m2

93
 The radiation heat transfer between the spheres

Q

A1 T14 T24
1 A1 1
1
1 A2 2

0.7854 5.67 10 8 90 4 280 4
10.22 W
1 0.7854 1
1
0.05 2.01 0.05
The negative sign implies heat leakage into the
inner cylinder. The mass of oxygen evaporated

Q 10.22 5
m 4.088 10 kg/s
h fg 2.5 105
94
 Radiation heat exchange between 3 surfaces enclosure

1 1 1 1 2
R1 R12 R2
A11 A1F12 A2 2
J1 J2 Eb2
Eb1

1
1 R23
R13 A2 F23
A1F13 J3
1 2
1 3
R3
A3 3
3
Eb3
95
Steps to solve the problem
1. Known values
Surface area A1, A2, A3
Emissivity of surfaces 1, 2, 3
Temperature of surfaces T1, T2, T3
2. Calculate the surface potentials Eb1, Eb2
Eb3 using the equation Eb = T4

3. Calculate the values of surface resistances

R1, R2 and R3 and shape factor resistances
R12, R13, and R23

96
4. Write the nodal equations using the Kirchhoffs
rule, the algebraic sum of all current (net radiation
heat transfer) at each node must be equal to zero

Eb1 J1 J 2 J1 J 3 J1
For node J 1 : 0
R1 R12 R13
Eb 2 J 2 J1 J 2 J 3 J 2
For node J 2 : 0
R2 R12 R23

Eb 3 J 3 J1 J 3 J 2 J 3
For node J 3 : 0
R3 R13 R23

97
5. Solve the nodal equation to determine J1, J2, J3

6. Calculate the heat transfer between surfaces

J1 J 2
Q12 7. Calculate the net heat
R12 exchange at each
surface
J1 J 3
Q13 3 Ji J j
R13
Qi
J 2 J3 j 1 Ri j
Q23
R23
98
Reradiating surfaces
When a zone is thermally insulated, the net radiation
heat flux in that particular zone is zero. The thermally
insulated zone emits as much energy as it receives by
radiation from the surrounding zones. Such a zone is
known as reradiating zone.

Eb1 R1 J1 R12 J2 R2 Eb2

R13 R23

J3 = Eb3
99
Example 14: Two parallel plates 0.6 m x 0.6 m are
separated by 0.3 m. The plate 1 is maintained at 1000 K
and has an emissivity of 0.7. The plate 2 is maintained
at 500 K and has an emissivity of 0.5. The two plates
are kept in atmosphere which can be regarded as black
medium at 300 K. Sketch the radiation network and
determine the heat exchange between the plates.

T1=1000 K, 1=0.7
0.6 m 1
0.3 m
0.6 m 3 T3 = 300 K

2
T2=500 K, 2=0.5
100
 Area of surface 1 and 2: A1 = A2 = 0.6 x 0.6 = 0.36 m2
Shape factor between surface 1 and 2 F12 = 0.41525

b 0 .6
X 2
c 0 .3
a 0 .6
Y 2
c 0 .3
101
From summation rule, F12 + F13 = 1

F13 = 1 F12 = 1 0.41525 = 0.58475

F13 = F23 = 0.58475

The values of surface resistances

1 1 1 0.7
R1 1.19
A1 1 0.36 0.7

1 2 1 0.5
R2 2.78
A2 2 0.36 0.5
102
 The values of shape factor resistances
1 1
R12 6.69
A2 F12 0.36 0.41525
1 1
R13 R23 4.75
A1 F13 0.36 0.58475
The values of emissive powers

Eb1 = T14 = 5.67 x 10-8 x 10004 = 56700 W/m2

Eb2 = T24 = 5.67 x 10-8 x 5004 = 3543.75 W/m2

Eb3 = T34 = 5.67 x 10-8 x 3004 = 459.27 W/m2

103
 Kirchhoff's equation for node J1

Eb1 J1 J 2 J1 J 3 J1
0
R1 R12 R13
For J3 = Eb3

56700 J1 J 2 J1 459.27 J1
0
1.19 6.69 4.75

5.6525 J 2 45.39 J1 1.804 10 6

104
 Kirchhoff's equation for node J2

Eb 2 J 2 J1 J 2 J 3 J 2
0
R2 R12 R23
For J3 = Eb3

3543.75 J 2 J1 J 2 459.27 J 2
0
2.78 6.69 4.75

13.205 J1 63.58 J 2 121153.1

105
Solving the nodal equations
J1 = 41006.9 W/m2 J2 = 10422.3 W/m2

The heat exchange between the plates 1 and 2

J1 J 2 41006.9 10422.3
Q12 4571.7 W
R12 6.69

Heat leaving from surface 1

Eb1 J1 56700 41006.9

Q1 13187.4 W
R1 1.19
106
Heat leaving from surface 2

Eb 2 J 2 3543.75 10422.3
Q2 2474.3 W
R2 2.78

Heat absorbed by the room

Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0

Q3 = - Q2 Q1 = 2474.3 13187.4 = - 10713.1 W

107
Radiation effect on temperature
measurement
Tw = Wall temperature
Tf = Fluid temperature
Tth = Temperature indicated
by thermometer
h = Heat transfer coefficient
= Emissivity of sensor
Heat gained by sensor due Heat lost from the sensor

to convection from fluid by radiation to wall
Tth4 Tw4

hTf Tth Tth4 Tw4 T f Tth
h
108
Example 15: A thermocouple used to measure the
temperature of hot air flowing in a duct whose walls
are maintained at 500 K shows a temperature reading
850 K. The emissivity of thermocouple junction is
0.6 and the convection heat transfer coefficient is
60 W/m2K. Determine the actual temperature of air.

Tth4 Tw4
T f Tth
h

850
-8 4

5.67 10 0.6 850 500 4

60
1110.5 K

109
 Gas Radiation
Given data
Total volume of gas enclosure
Total surface area of gas enclosure
Gas temperature and Wall temperature
Partial pressure of gas constituents normally CO2 and H2O
Total pressure of the gas enclosure

1. Calculate the mean beam length

V Total volume of gas enclosure

L 3.6 3.6
A Total surface area of enclosure

110
2. Emissivity of CO2

co f Tg , Pco L
2 2

P105
111
3. Take the correction factor for CO2

Cco2 f PT , Pco2 L P106

112
4. Take the
emissivity of H2O

H O f Tg , PH O L
2 2

P107

113
 5. Take the correction factor for H2O

PH 2O PT
CH 2O f PH 2O ,
2

P108

114
6. Take the emissivity correction factor () for
mutual absorption when H2O and CO2
present in the mixture

P109

115
7. Calculate the emissivity of mixture of
CO2 and H2O

g CO CCO H OCH O
2 2 2 2

116
8. Calculate the absorptivity of the gas mixture
consisting of CO2 and H2O

g CO CCO H OCH O
2 2 2 2

0.65
Tg The values CO2. H2O,
CO 2 '
CO2
'
C CO
Tw
2
CCO2, CH2O and are to
0.45
Tg be evaluated from the same
H O '
H 2O
C '
H 2O
Tw
2
graphs using the Tw and
Pco2L(Tw/Tg) and
'
PH2OL(Tw/Tg)
117
9. The net heat exchange between the gas and
the enclosure is

Q

q gTg gTw
A
4 4

118