Chapter 12:

Perkembangan Fizikal & Kognitif

Awal Dewasa (20-40 tahun)
 Questions To Ponder

Think about your own less-than-ideal health

habits. What rationalizations do you use to
justify them to yourself?
 Kefungsian Fizikal
Jenis Penuaan

Definisi
Primary aging/ senescene (Penuaan
Primer):Proses kemerosotan badan
sepanjang hayat yg berlaku secara
beransur-ansur dan tidak dapat dielakkan

Secondary aging (Penuaan sekunder):

Proses penuaaan yg boleh dicegah (spt dari
penyakit & amalan kesihatan yg tidak sihat)
Penuaan Sekunder

- Adalah produk pengaruh persekitaran, habit

kesihatan @ penyakit.

- Kajian 18 40 thn jarang mati kerana

penyakit (Hoyert et. al., 2006)

- Umur berinteraksi dgn kelas sosial

semakin berumur semakin berbeza kelas
sosial (Sweden, Ireland, England)
 Emerging Adulthood

Definisi:

Tempoh perkembangan yang berlaku di usia

sekitar 18 hgga 25. Tempoh transisi antara
remaja dan dewasa yg dicirikan sbg pengujian
(experimentation) dan penerokaan
(exploration).
 Emerging Adulthood (18 25 yrs.)

Ciri2 Utama:
Penerokaan identiti terutamanya dlm love & work
Tidak stabil
Perasaan dilema/ di tengah2 (feeling in-between
transition neither adolescent nor adult)
Fokus kendiri (most Self-focused age of life)
Umur di mana pelbagai kemungkinan masa di
mana indiv mempunyai peluang utk transform
kehidupan mereka.
Emerging Adulthood (18-25 yrs) : Period in which
individuals experiment with options prior to taking on
adult roles

Emerging adulthood has become a distinct period of the life course for
young people in industrialized societies. It is a period characterized by
change and exploration for most people, as they examine the life
possibilities open to them and gradually arrive at more enduring choices in
love, work, and worldviews. Not all young people experience their late
teens and twenties as years of change and exploration, even in
industrialized societies. Some lack the opportunities to use those years as
a volitional period; others may be inclined by personality or circumstances
to limit their explorations or to seek a relatively early resolution to them.
Nevertheless, as scholars we can characterize emerging adulthood as a
period when change and exploration are common, even as we recognize
the heterogeneity of period and investigate this heterogeneity as one of
emerging adulthood's distinguishing characteristics (Jeffery Jensen
Arnett, 2000)
 The Brain and Nervous System
Awal Dewasa
Pecutan pertumbuhan otak (frontal lobe 17-22yrs) pg
373.

Response inhibition cortex mengawal sistem limbik(mid

late 20s) (mengawal bah emosi) pg 373 4.

Penghasilan neuron baharu di bah otak tertentu

(persekitaran kondusif membantu)

Gradual loss of speed (kadar tembakan saraf

beransur2 perlahan)
tahap neuron beransur2 berubah kehilangan
dendrites
 Otak & Sistem Nervous
Awal Dewasa

Kemahiran Fizikal umum

Better physical skills on all measures when
compared to older adults (Stronger, Faster,
Better immune systems, Better eyesight
Quicker adaptation)
Kekuatan memuncak di usia 20an & awal
30an
Gaya kehidupan aktif mempengaruhi
kefungsian
 Questions To Ponder

Think of elite athletes. When are they in their

prime: gymnastics, swimming, weight-lifting,
baseball, football, golf, and tennis? What
does this tell us about aging?
 Sistem2 badan yg lain
Awal Dewasa

Jantung & Paru-paru

Penurunan sistematik dgn umur
pengambilan oksigen maksimum (Maximum
oxygen uptake (VO2max))
Reflek kesan kumulatif drp gaya hidup tidak
aktif
Aerobic exercise can improve VO2max at
nearly any age
 Sistem2 badan yg lain
Awal Dewasa
Kapasiti Pembiakan (Reproductive
Capacity)
Womens reproductive capacity begins to
drop in mid-20s ( highest at late teens &
early 20s & drop thereafter)

Mens capacity diminishes (berkurangan) but

remains intact (tdk terjejas)
One of the key physical changes
over the years of adulthood is
increasing susceptibility to
disease.
 Physical Functioning
Early Adulthood
Kefungsian Imun Sistem
Central to aging process
Largest in adolescence, then shrinks
Lower functioning leads to less-effective T cells
Declines in immune system may be primary aging or may
be secondary aging in response to stress or depression.
Thymus gland and bone marrow produce B cells and
T cells
B cells produce antibodies to fight off external threats
T cells defend against internal threats, such as
transplanted organs, cancer cells, and viruses
So how many healthy/unhealthy habits
did you identify?
 Health and Wellness
Health Habits and Personal Factors

Healthy Habits
Getting physical
exercise

Getting regular
Not smoking
sleep

Eating breakfast Not drinking

Not over- or
No snacking
undereating
 Kajian longitudinal (1965 1974 1983)
kesan pelbagai habit kesihatan, kesihatan &
ketidakupayaan di California (1965)

Data kajian pertama (1974) 5 drp 7 habit

kesihatan berkait dgn risiko kematian

Hanya 2 habit (snacking & eating breakfast)

tdk berkait dgn risiko kematian

Mrk yg ada hbit kesihatan negatif melaporkan

lebih byk ketidakupayaan & simptom penyakit
 Kehidupan tdk aktif awak dewasa berisiko/
mendedahkan seseorng kpd penyakit
berbahaya spt diabetes apabila meningkat umur

Kajian longitudinal di Sweden (1996)

mengesahkan perkaitan antara latihan fizikal &
risiko kematian yg rendah.

Nurses Health Study longitudinal study

semakin rendah BMI wanita (nurses) semakin
rendah risiko thdp kematian.
Kesimpulan
Kesemua kajian longitudinal menunjukkan pilihan cara
hidup di awal dewasa mempunyai kesan kumulatif.

Cth: pemakanan tinggi kolestrol akan bertambah

semakin umur meningkat TETAPI proses diet blh
mengurangkan/ mengatasi kolestrol.
Begitu juga kesan merokok blh diatasi sebaik shj
individu berhenti merokok
 Habit Kesihatan & Faktor Peribadi

Sokongan Sosial
lowers risk of disease, death, and
depression
May boost immune system functioning
Kawalan diri
Self-efficacy
Internal locus of control
 Questions To Ponder

How aggressively do you protect yourself from

an STD? How would you handle a partner
that balks at using protection or your use of
protection?
 Health and Wellness
Kecelaruan Kebimbangan & Mood

Top Two! Disorders

Anxiety Most common mental
disorder are those
associated with fear and
anxiety
Second most common
Depression
types are problems
(10% of 18-24 yr olds) associated with moods
 Sekian

Terima Kasih