SOLID

WASTE
MANAGE-
MENT

EAP 216
DR. NASTAEIN
QAMARUZ ZAMAN
 Topics by Dr. Nas
Date
27/03/2017; BK1 10 am 12 pm
29/03/2017; BK1 12 pm 1 pm
10/04/2017; BK1 10 am 12 pm
12/04/2017, BK1 11 am -12 pm
Week 10, 17/4 21/4
Solid Waste Management, Water
and Wastewater, Noise Pollution
Topics
Solid waste management
Solid waste management
Water and wastewater treatment
Water and wastewater treatment
29/3/2017, 9 am 10 am, BK1
Test 2 (1 hour)
19/4/2017
3.30 4.30 pm, BK1
Introduction
Waste Definition

Waste is a left-over, a redundant product or material of no or

marginal value for the owner and which the owner wants to
discard
Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University
 Video 1 No waste town
THIS IS THE GIST OF THIS
TOPIC

Anders Damgaard & Morton A. Barlaz, NC State University

 Lesson outcome
What you need to know about
Waste generation?
Waste definition
Sources of wastes

Waste storage?
Purpose and type

Waste collection and transportation?

Different collection services
Types of collection system

Waste treatment and disposal?

Waste mgmt hierarchy
Waste mgmt strategies
Advantages and disadvantages of composting, anaerobic
digestion, incineration and landfill
Waste Management in Malaysia
Waste generation
WHERE DOES WASTE
COMES FROM?

Residential
Commercial
Institutional
Municipal
Residential
Residential sources, including, single-family and multifamily dwellings,
low, medium and high rise apartments.
The type of solid wastes generated by this source is food wastes, paper,
cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, tin cans,
aluminium other metals, ashes, street leaves, special wastes (including
bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, yard wastes, collected
separately, batteries, oil and tires), household hazardous waste.
Commercial
- Stores, restaurants, markets, office buildings, hotels, motels, print shops,
services station and auto repair shops, are classified as commercial
source.
- Most type of waste generated by commercial sources are paper,
cardboard, plastics, wood, food waste, glass, metal wastes, ashes, special
wastes (including bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, yard
wastes, collected separately, batteries, oil and tires), hazardous wastes.
Institutional
- Institutional source includes schools, hospitals, prisons, governmental
centers.
- Typical types of solid wastes generated at these sources are paper,
cardboard, plastics, wood, food waste, glass, metal wastes, ashes, special
wastes (including bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, yard
wastes, collected separately, batteries, oil and tires), and hazardous
wastes.
Municipal Solid wastes
- Municipal solid waste sources comprise the waste generated by
residential source, commercial and institutional sources.
What do you think the solid
waste is composed of?

What is the major waste

composition?
Solid waste generation in Penang Island
80% of housing units are in apartment blocks and condominiums,
posing different issues from those in low-density and rural areas
in 2005, about 963 tonnes of waste per day are generated in Penang
Island
This estimate includes municipal waste from households, commercial
sources (wet markets, hawker stalls, hypermarkets), non-hazardous
industry, and institutional sources such as hospitals, schools and
universities, but excludes construction and demolition materials, and
garden waste.
Of the waste collected, 56.7% is recyclable, 32.5% is organic, and 10.8%
is non-recyclable.
Solid waste generation in Seberang Perai
Not only is Seberang Perai less urban than Penang Island, but housing
units are also notably different with only 31% comprising apartments
and condominiums
 How to determine waste
generation?
IMPORTANCE OF GENERATION RATES
Compliance with Federal/state diversion requirements
Equipment selection,
Collection and management decisions
Facilities design
The quantity and general composition of waste material that is
generated is of critical importance in design and operation of solid
waste management systems. Unfortunately reliable quantity and
composition data are difficult to obtain because most measurements
are of the quantities collected or disposed at the landfill.
Load count analysis
In this method, the quantity and composition of solid waste are
determined by recording the estimated volume and general
composition of each load of waste delivered to a landfill or transfer
station during specified period of time. The total mass and mass
distribution by composition is determined by using average density data
for each category.

Mass-Volume analysis
This method of analysis is similar to the above methods with the added
feature that the mass of each load is also recorded. Unless the density
of each waste category is determined separately, the mass distribution
by composition must be derived using average density value.
1 pound (lbs) =
0.45 kg
Try this

Answer in lb/capita.day
 Video 2 about waste
Storage
 Storage is the immediate stage after generation, or before final disposal or
recycle/reuse. Storage duration depends on the collection process, which
varies from once to twice per week. There are many designs for storing
waste. The table below summarizes the most common containers for solid
waste storage.
Table source: Solid waste management: Principles and practice. By Ramesha
Different categories of storage containers: Chandrappa and Diganta Bhusan Das. Springer, 2012. pp 65
Municipal solid waste storage containers
Rubbish skip is used
to transfer the waste
to special vehicles or
for door-to-door
collection.
Dumpsters are large
Solid waste is stored
steel containers used
without safety
to transfer the waste
precautions in many
to large transportation
countries.
trucks.
 Collection &
transportation
Solid waste collection on Penang Island
Garbage collection services are provided by the MPPP to 95% of the
population on Penang Island
The remaining 5% are located in inaccessible premises on small
islands, and in remote localities that are uneconomic to service.
From 1993, four contractors have covered 80% of the Island, with
the MPPP providing coverage of the remainder.
In addition, some premises, such as those of industries and hotels,
have their own garbage contractors whose collection and disposal
records are monitored
The Island is divided into 7
zones. Current practice for
waste collection is:
household waste collected
from landed properties
three times per week (Air
Itam has a daily
collection);
waste from shops,
commercial premises and
high rise residential
premises is collected daily;
institutional waste is
collected daily
Reference: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Malaysia (2008). Malaysia
Developing A Solid Waste Management Model For Penang, UNDP.
 The MPPP has made it mandatory for all waste collected on the Island
to be sent to the Batu Maung Transfer Station operated by a private
contractor, barged across to the mainland and disposed of at the Pulau
Burong landfill.
Currently the transfer station handles 600700 tonnes of organic,
domestic and industrial waste per day.
The barges are designed to drain the leachate from the waste
containers into the hull to avoid marine pollution and this, together
with leachate from the transfer station, is transported to a sanitary
landfill facility also on the mainland.
Solid waste collection in
Seberang Perai
In Seberang Perai, MPSP has
divided the collection areas into
three main zones: northern,
central and southern,
corresponding to the three
administrative districts. These
zones are further divided into 12
sub-zones
Solid waste collection in Seberang Perai
Part of the waste collection and disposal contracts is outsourced to
private contractors
Waste is collected on alternate days
The solid waste collection service is estimated to reach about 70% of
Seberang Perai
All collected waste from the northern and central zones in Seberang
Perai is transported to the Ampang Jajar Transfer Station
Trucks transport solid waste from the southern zone direct to the
landfill.
Collection services
Collection cost has been estimated to
represent about 50 to 70 percent of the
total cost of solid waste management,
depending on the disposal method
For municipal solid wastes, the most
common collection services are curb, alley
and backyard collection.
The collection services provided to large
apartment buildings, residential complexes,
commercial and industrial activities typically
in centered around the use of large movable
and stationary containers and large
stationary compactors.
Video 3 waste collection on land

What about on island?

Video 4 waste
 Types of collection system

Hauled container system (HCS) or Stationary container system (SCS).

USING ATTACHED FIGURE, DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN HCS AND SCS
 Types of collection system

Hauled container system (HCS) or Stationary container system (SCS).

Hauled Container Systems (HCS)

These are collection systems in which the containers used for the storage
of wastes are hauled to a materials recovery facility (MRF), transfer
station, or disposal site, emptied, and returned to either their original
local or some other location. There three main type of vehicles used to
hauled container systems; hoist truck, tilt frame container and track
tractor trash trailer.
Stationary Container System (SCS)
Collection systems in which the containers used for storage of the
storage of waste remain at the point of waste generation, except when
moved for collection are defined as stationary container systems.
Labour requirement for mechanically loaded stationary-container
systems are essentially the system the same as for hauled container
systems.
There are two main types of stationary container systems
Those in which self-loading compactors are used
Those in which manually loaded vehicle are used
 Container size and utilization are not as critical in
stationary container systems using self loading collection
vehicles equipped with compaction mechanisms as they
are in the hauled container system.
Trips to the disposal site, transfer station or processing
station are made after the contents of a number of
containers have been collected and compacted and the
collection vehicle full.
Because a variety of container size and types are
available, these systems may be used for collection of all
types of wastes.
WRITE 6 POINTS YOUVE
LEARNT TODAY
Recovery, treatment
& disposal
WHICH WASTE HIERARCY IS PREFERRED FOR
SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT?

A? B?
Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on
environment and development in Rio de Janeiro in
1992 emphasized that reducing wastes and
maximizing environmentally sound waste reuse and
recycling should be the priorities in waste
management since these not only promote
environmentally sound practices such as resource
recovery, but also reduce the amount of solid waste
directed to landfill sites, and minimize landfill
emissions of methane.
The Penang Solid Waste Management Project
considered four options. The strategy that is
eventually adopted could comprise a combination
of more than one of these alternatives.
(i) Business as usual (BAU)
(ii) Composting option
(iii) Refuse derived fuel option
(iv) Incineration option
In the following Figures 7 -10, identify its waste
treatment technology
The critical issues of this alternative are:
existing landfill capacity in Penang is extremely limited;
once capacity is reached, an existing facility either has to be
expanded or an alternative site found;
either way this represents considerable expense if the landfill
site is to be developed according to best practice;
using landfill to dispose of virtually all solid waste is an
extremely inefficient method of dealing with the problem.
 Composting video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yv6gkS7dBkY
The benefits of composting are manifold. They include:
production of a valuable soil amendment or mulch;
removal of compostable materials, a major component, from the
waste stream;
flexibility for implementation at different levels from small backyard
operations to large-scale centralized facilities;
relatively low capital and operating costs;
low-level technology requirements.
Critical issues for composting include:
the capital costs of land acquisition, and construction and
maintenance of composting plant;
the operational costs of collection of biodegradable waste;
the implications of increased frequency of collection;
the challenge of achieving a high participation rate;
the difficulties of establishing markets and marketing effectively;
maintaining quality despite inexperienced staff and variable
feedstock quality;
the nuisance potential of odours and vermin.
If RDF were to be adopted in Penang it would be used as a
technique to complement composting. The critical issues for
the RDF alternative are:
waste separation at source;
removal of toxic items and substances such as batteries;
maintenance of quality and price to meet market expectations;
the need for secure product markets;
high electricity consumption in processing
reliability and air pollution problems in processing plants
 Incineration video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRCuEInRqEY
Advantages of incineration are:
the original volume of the combustible solid waste can be reduced
by 85-95% through incineration;
the process provides for the recovery of energy in the form of heat;
incineration is an efficient way to reduce demand for landfill space
in a heavily populated area;
the technologies employed in mass-burn and RDF-fired incinerators
are well developed.
The critical issues for this option are:
high capital and operating costs make this the most costly option;
skilled staff are required to operate the complex incineration
plants;
a significant amount of the energy generated is consumed by the
use of the air pollution control equipment needed to clean up the
flue gases;
there are concerns about the health effects of hazardous
components of the gaseous and particulate emissions;
the safe disposal of the ash as the end product must be dealt with;
a stable supply of combustible waste of at least 50,000 tonnes per
year is needed to make incineration viable;
the large fraction of solid waste not suitable for incineration that
would still go directly to the landfill
 Differentiate between reduce,
reuse and recycle

Which waste treatments

proposed by Penang Council
achieves which waste
management priority?
Recycling
 Penang Island recorded a recycling rate of 8.3% in
2003, much higher than in preceding years, and this
leapt up further to 15.6% in 2004; estimates that
included itinerant waste buyers raised this figure even
higher to about 20%.
in 2005 when the continuing increase in population
and less efficient collection caused the recorded
recycling rate to fall to 12.5%.
Seberang Perai recorded a recycling rate of 5.4% in
2003, and this increased hugely to 17.5% in 2004, and
to 18.8% in 2005
 Aerobic Composting and
Anaerobic Digestion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yv6gkS7dBkY

Video 5
Composting with windrows or enclosed vessels is intended to be an
aerobic (with oxygen) operation that avoids the formation of methane
associated with anaerobic conditions (without oxygen).
 When using an anaerobic digestion process, organic waste is treated in an
enclosed vessel.
Often associated with wastewater treatment facilities, anaerobic
digestion will generate methane that can either be flared or used to
generate heat and/or electricity.
Generally speaking, composting is less complex, more forgiving, and less
costly than anaerobic digestion.
Methane is an intended by-product of anaerobic digestion and can be
collected and combusted.
Experience from many jurisdictions shows that composting source
separated organics significantly reduces contamination of the finished
compost, rather than processing mixed MSW with front-end or back-end
separation.
 Incineration

Burning of non-recyclable MSWs and bio-solids generates heat,

CO2, water, and ash.
Commercial incinerators are usually operated at 850 C in the
presence of air to oxidize the feedstock. The heat generated is
used to convert water to steam which is used for district heating or
sent to a turbine generator to produce electricity.
The ash produced (about 1525 percent by weight of the MSW) is
sent to landfills. Incineration reduces the volume of incoming
MSWs by 90% and the weight by 70%.
 Incineration is suitable for high calorific value waste; it can be
located within city limits, reducing transportation costs, and
operated as continuous process
incineration may produce many kinds of particulates and harmful
gasses, among which dioxin is the most poisonous gaseous
product.
the cost of incineration is generally higher than other treatment
processes, especially in the areas where the heat value of waste is
relatively low and oil or coal powder must be added in as additive
for co-combustion.
MSW combustion with energy recovery may be a viable option
only for populations of 100,000 or more because a high minimum
level of feed rate is required for an economically viable operation
 Video 7
 Landfilling is the most common MSW disposal practice in the world
likely because it is most economical and does not required skilled
operators
modern landfills are well engineered facilities that are designed,
operated, and monitored in compliance with federal regulations.
Some new landfills collect potentially harmful landfill gas (LFG) and
convert the gas into energy.
Landfilling is a process in which MSWs is transferred from one place
to another, rather than be used as a resource. The biodegradable
fraction of MSW is slowly biodegraded in the landfills, resulting in
liquid leachate and landfill gas.
Landfill situation in Penang
The Ampang Jajar Transfer Station was originally a landfill, but was
converted to a transfer station after it reached capacity in 2001.
The Ampang Jajar Transfer Station receives wastes from the
northern and central zones in Seberang Perai
Ampang Jajar Transfer Station to be compacted before being sent on
to the Pulau Burong landfill for final disposal
Currently the transfer station handles 400-450 tonnes of solid waste
per day
The contractor at the landfill site has about 40 registered scavengers
(waste pickers) who, for a fee, are permitted to work on site and
sell recyclable materials direct to the recyclers at the landfill.
Landfill situation in Penang
The only approved municipal solid waste landfill in the state has a
total area of 66 hectares with an operational area of 33 hectares,
and is located at Pulau Burong.
This is a semi-aerobic landfill (known as the Fukuoka type)
established in 2003
The Pulau Burong Sanitary Landfill has two leachate treatment
ponds, with one treatment plant currently in use and another to
be constructed soon. The treated leachate water is used as dust
control and for washing down, and is not discharged into the sea.
There is also a 20-hectare landfill disposal site (essentially a
dumping ground) at Jelutong that receives mainly construction
and demolition material, and garden and other bulky waste.
Landfill waste diversion
targets
Solid waste management
cost
Conclusion

Promotes the waste hierarchy in which waste reduction assumes

the greatest importance followed by reuse and recycling.
Application of treatment technologies such as composting
follows recycling, and this is followed by incineration (with some
energy recovery) and finally dumping any remaining residuals in
landfill. Composting fulfils the lowest cost requirement and is
also compatible with the reduction, reuse, recycle requirements
Thank you