Single Phase Transformer

Transformer on no-load

v1

I 0 5% of I fl

Phasor Diagram Equivalent Circuit core-loss component

Ii = 00 = Pi /E1
magnetizing component
Im= 00

Exciting current I0 Ii I m
Iron/Core loss Pi E1 I 0 cos 0
Ideal Transformer
No winding resistance no core losses (hysteresis & eddy-current loss)
No leakage of flux infinite permeability
 Equivalent Circuit Phasor Diagram
Real Transformer
Voltage Regulation
VR will be zero when

VR varies with pf and have maximum value when

Parameter Calculations Pi
I0
1. OC (or No-load) Test
- at rated voltage V1
- on LV side
With rated voltage applied, normal flux and hence normal iron loss
(as measured by wattmeter).

Since I0 = 5% of rated load current, primary Cu losses are neglected.

Pi
Pi V1 I 0 cos 0 cos 0
V1
I i I 0 cos 0
I m I 0 sin 0
Ii P
G0 or i2
V1 V1
Im
Bm
V1
These values are referred on LV side
OC test provides Iron loss and the shunt parameters of equivalent circuit.
Parameter Calculations Psc Isc
2. SC (or Full-load) Test
- at rated current Vsc
- on HV side

But for full current Isc, only 5% of rated voltage is required,

I0(sc) = 0.1 0.5 % of Ifl only
Shunt branch can be neglected.

Psc Pcu I sc2 R

Psc
R
I sc2
Vsc
Z
I sc
X Z 2 R2
These values are referred on HV side.
SC test provides Cu loss and the series parameters of equivalent circuit.
Efficiency output
% = 100
input
output
100
output loss
output

output Iron losses Cu losses
V2 I 2 cos 2
% 100
V2 I 2 cos 2 Pi I 2 Req
2

At full load I 2 I 2, fl
At x times of full load I 2 xI 2, fl
xV2 I 2, fl cos 2
% 100
xV2 I 2, fl cos 2 Pi x I 2 2
2, fl Req
 Hence load current at which the maximum will occur
P
I 22 i
Req
2
I2 Pi
2 x2
I 2, fl I 2, fl Req
I2 P Pi
V2 cos 2 x 2 i or x
I 2, fl I 2, fl Req Pcu , fl
Pi
V2 cos 2 I 2 Req
I2
For maximum , differentiating the denominator w.r.t. I 2
Pi
2 Req 0
I2
or Pi I 22 Req
Iron loss (constant loss) = Cu Loss (variable loss)