1 1-Wind

Master MUEI Renewable Energy course
Wind Power Systems
Prof. Josep Bordonau
GREP Research Group in Power

Electronics
ETSEIB (UPC)
Av. Diagonal, 647 - 08028 Barcelona
josep.bordonau@upc.edu
Courtesy of EDP http://grep.upc.edu/
September 2017 1
OUTLINE
Introduction
Technology
Economical
analysis
Conclusions
Bibliography
2
Introduction
Macroeconomic figures
Fundamentals
Horizontal vs vertical axis
Microwind
Hybrid systems:
The SAGER project
The installation in the city of Barcelona
High power: onshore, offshore
3
MACROECONOMIC FIGURES
State-of-the-art of the wind power industry

- The energy source with the highest growth: 40% per year (44% in
2014)
-Installed Power: about 370 GW (2014) in
the world (GWEC).
- Wind generators: current turbines can
process more than 5MW.
- World wind resources: 167,000 TWh
estimated, almost 9 times the electric
energy consumption in 2012 (18,900 TWh)
- Only offshore 7 times in Europe
- 4 times in US
- Generation(peak) record: 140% of the
instant consumption (Denmark).
- Absorption by the electric grid: >20% can
be injected, even with the current power
4
system infrastructure.
FUNDAMENTALS
1
Theoretical wind power: Pa = r A v Cp
3
2
0.40 < Cp < 0.59
Available wind power Pa, depends on
The turbine:
Power coefficient Cp 16
p< = 0.59
Max. theoretical value PracticalClimits
27
0.40 < Cp < 0.59
Swept area A
Ambient conditions (and site):
Wind speed v
Air density
Temperature
Altitude
5
Quantifying the stochacity
Pa
Available wind potential average , depends on p(v), the
probability of a certain wind speed in the location:

1
Pa = r A h v3 p( v) Cp ( v) dv
2 0
Capacity factor Cf is the ratio of the average available wind

turbine power and the nominal turbine power (vn is the
nominal wind speed defining the nominal power):
Cp ( v) v3 p( v) dv

Cf =
0 C (
p n v ) v3
n
Weibull distribution, depends on c (scale factor close to

average speed) and k (type of distribution, for instance
Rayleigh distribution is for k=2)
k-1
k v -( v c)
k
6 p( v) = e
c c
Other effects
Turbulence
Wind bursts
Vertical variations (vertical wind speed, an order of magnitude of the
horizontal speed)
Ground:
Roughness
Obstacles
The case of Ecotcnia

Start-up in 1981
Top turbines in Europe
Bought in 1999 by Mondragn Corporacin Cooperativa (MCC)
Bought by Alstom in 2007
Bought by General Electric in 2015
7
Horizontal vs vertical axes
In motion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HAWT_and_VAWTs_in_operation_medium.gif
Horizontal Vertical
Efficiency 35 % 30 %
Torque ripple low Significant
Noise Moderate Low
Orientation motor Required Not necessary
Specific weight Significant Low
Performance under Lower Good
turbulence
Performance for low tower Low Acceptable
heights
Higher density of wind No http://www.caltech.edu/news/wi
turbines nd-turbine-placement-produces-
tenfold-power-increase-caltech
-researchers-say-1700

Torque ripple concept
Dr Gary Johnson. Wind Energy Systems. The book. 2014

17 meter Sandia Darrieus operating at 50 rpm 9
Microwind turbines
Generally, low power turbines (<50 kW)
Typical rotors: i) Darrieus ii) Savonius
Self-starting
Economical, easy-to-use
Less torque and rotates faster Good performance under
Less force on bearings turbulence
Not self-starting
10

Variation of Darrieus:
giromill
The one being used in
SAGER and the project
in the city of Barcelona
11
Hybrid plant
This plant is beign installed for the SAGER project, in
cooperation with Saft Power Systems Ibrica SL.
SAGER: Sistema Autnom de Generaci Elctrica
Renovable (Stand-alone System for Renewable
Electricity Generation).
Hybrid:
Solar array based on poly cristal cells.
NiCd batteries.
Wind power generator (permanent magnet generator
with DC output).
Master MUEI Renewable Energy course 12

SAGER block diagram
NiCd batteries
Regulator: shunt regulator, connecting and
disconnecting the solar array to the Solar
array Inverter Load/Grid
battery bus, without MPPT.
Inverter: bidirectional inverter with
isolation (50 Hz transformer). Regulator
Load: electronic load, configured as a
constant power load, similar to a
communications equipment.
Wind turbine
Regulator, batteries, inverter, protective and rectifier
equipment and load in the electronic lab.
Solar array, wind generator w/rectifier on
the roof.

SAGER plant
16 solar panels, 160 Wp,
globally 2.56 kWp.
48 V nominal voltage.
Temperature measurement of
the solar cell.
Voltage and current
measurement on the solar panel
side, the battery side and the
load side.
Wind power generator: 750 W.

The installation in the city of Barcelona
Hybrid: microwind + solar PV - No storage
Barcelona Energy Agency, UPC, Endesa, Regesa, SIGE
Energy generated (transformed) is used in the common services of the
building
https://www.google.es/maps/place/Carrer+de+Pujades,+292,+08019+B
arcelona/@41.4061682,2.2068539,82m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x12a
4a346dc67db0f:
0x32c3ac3704da2779
15
New concept for urban microwind
http://www.ibispower.eu/products/powernest-2/
Integration of microwind and solar PV on buildings
roofs.
Improving public acceptance
Aesthetic
Risk perception
Improving energy collection
16
High power: ONSHORE, OFFSHORE
New sector Offshore
- Wind farms on the sea.
- Stronger and more regular winds higher energy
generation.
- April 2002: set up of the reference installation in the
world, Horns Rev, 80 turbines of 2MW.
Forecast year 2020
- 12% coverage of the world necessities.

- Savings of 11,768 M CO2 tons.
- 1.5 M new jobs.
17
INTRODUCTION
Wind Power Systems: multidisciplinar
The agents: Regulation &
TECH Finance
Turbine Components Adminis-

manufac- tration &
turer regulator
Farm Utility Banks

manager
OPERATIONS
18
INTRODUCTION
Turbine manufacturer:
Integrator
Specialised in certain subsystems
Similar role as a car manufacturer
May own leading edge technology
Logistics & installation
Components manufacturer (supplier)

Specialised in a certain technology
Not necessarily focused to wind energy
Owner of leading edge technology
19
INTRODUCTION
Farm manager
Plans the site of the wind farm
Interacts with manufacturers, utility, administration and banks
Operational excellence is the main outcome
Operation and maintenance (eventually subcontracted)
Utility
Connected to the wind farm
Establish technical regulations that must be fullfilled by the
manufacturers
Operational excellence is the main outcome as well
20
INTRODUCTION
Administration & Regulator
Strategy
Regulations
Eventual subsidies
Approval of proposals
Eventual finance
Banks
Finance
21
INTRODUCTION
The basic flow of a wind farm project
Resource
estimat.
Application
Finance
Sel. suppliers
Manufacturing
Logistics/Install
ation
Operation Maintenance
22
Buoy for resource
measurement
Result of InnoEnergy
NEPTUNE project
Spin-off EOLOS
http://www.eolossolution
s.com/
en
23
TECHNOLOGY
Offshore basics
Components in the nacelle
Aerodynamic control
Electric control
24
TECHNOLOGY
Off-shore technology
Anchored (limited in deepness)
Floating
25
TECHNOLOGY
- Rotor: blade, pitch and yaw
Wind turbine components mechanisms.
- Nacelle: low speed shaft, gearbox,
high speed shaft with mechanical
brake, hidraulic system, generator,
power electronics, cooling system,
controller, wind vane and
anemometer.
- Tower: stairs, orientation system,
communications system and
transformer.
Operating ranges
- Cut-in speed 3-4m/s
- Maximizing energy nominal speed
- Limiting energy cut-out speed
- Cut-out speed 25m/s
26
TECHNOLOGY
Pitch: change of the
Power limit blade step angle.
Stall: passive
regulation, decrease in
sustentation.
Interaction with the grid
- Characteristic: variable energy source (stochastic).
- Requirement: providing as much constant power. as possible
- 2 choices: constant speed / variable speed
Fixed Speed Wind Generators

- Poor regulation (pitch regulation
only).
- No compliance of reactive power
regulation standard
- Cheap solution.
27
TECHNOLOGY
Variable Speed Wind

Generators Power Electronics
- Efficiency: boost of 3-28%.

- Other benefits: noise reduction,
better control, reduced stress on the
shaft, Variable DC Switched Constant
AC AC AC
- Coping the market.
28
TECHNOLOGY
Power Electronics Technology
AC DC
Filter
Filter
Variable DC AC Constant
AC AC
Switched
DC AC
29
TECHNOLOGY
Conventional technlogy for a power electronics converter
Based in power electronics devices (currently, IGBTs)
The devices operate as a static switch, ideally with no losses. Limits:
Voltage, current, power
Frequency of operation
Reversely proportional to the size/cost of the filters
30
TECHNOLOGY
Low Voltage Ride Through Requirements
Power system faults require a new paradigm
Wind turbines must help to recover the fault
Generation of reactive power during the transient
31
TECHNOLOGY
Electrical Generator (I)
- Typical features: 500-5,000 kW (5 MW), 690 Vac three-phase (low voltage).
Squirrel cage asynchronous generator
Wounded rotor asynchronous generator

resistors
Wounded-rotor
Wounded-rotor
induction motor
induction motor
Slipping rings
Slipping rings
Rotor resistors Doubly fed

32
TECHNOLOGY
Electrical Generator (II) Selection criteria
Electromagnet
synchronous generator Lower maintenance (offshore)
Generators w/o slipping rings
Excitation current
Generators w/ slipping rings
Gearbox reliability
Synchronous machine gearless permanent magnet sync.gen.
Slipping Multibrid - low speed generator
rings
Permanent magnet
synchronous generator
Doubly fed induction generators
cope the market
(The power converter

influences the configuration)
33
TECHNOLOGY
Power Electronics Converter (I)
with asynchronous generator with synchronous generator
Direct connection to the grid Back-to-back converter Direct connection to the grid Back-to-back converter
Reactive power consumption Reactive power can be controlled Reactive power can be controlled
Reactive power can be controlled
Dynamic slipping control Doubly-fed induction generator Back-to-back converter , no gear box Permanent magnet synchronous generator
back-to-back converter
Reactive power consumption Reactive power can be controlled Reactive power can be controlled Reactive power can be controlled
- 3 configurations verify the system specifications: variable speed

operation and medium voltage range.
-Recent development (Alstom Wind) of a 6 MW wind turbine: permanent
34
magnet+multilevel
Top 10 biggest wind turbines
http://www.windpowermonthly.com/10-bigges
t-
turbines
Wind energy basics
https://windeurope.org/about-wind/wind-ener
gy-basics
/
35
TECHNOLOGY
What is a multilevel converter?
- Motivation: equipment power is growing (MWs) connection to
medium voltage.
- Challenges: the last generation of semiconductors cannot manage
the power using a single device.
- Possible solution: serial or parallel connection.
- Requirement: equalize voltage or current sharing. Serial
switches
power
voltage
=
current
Parallel
switches
power
= voltage
current
36
TECHNOLOGY
How do they work?
- The sine waveform is synthesized from
discrete voltage levels (more than 2).
Features
- Reduction ratio voltage/switch.
- Reduction of switching frequency.
- Reduction of harmonic distortion smaller,
cheaper and lighter filters.
- Faster dynamic response.
- Inherent voltage transient limitation.
- High number of switchings.
- Control complication.
- Several DC sources may be required.
37
TECHNOLOGY :
MULTIWIND POWER CONCEPT
Trends
- Implement a wind power system using multilevel technology.
- Issues:
electrical subsystem (generator / converter / controller).
impact on electric generator.
Advantages
- Higher power processing capability.

- Higher efficiency in operating points under nominal speed.
- Higher reliability: advantageous in offshore installations.
- Lower current harmonic current: fullfilling IEEE Standard 519.
- Limiting common mode currents: longer life of generator bearings and
isolators.
- Contribution to LVRT fullfillment.
38
TECHNOLOGY
Power Electronics Converter (II)
- Choices:
converter configuration: 2 or 4 quadrant operation.
election of the semiconductor: IGCT, LV-IGBT, HV-IGBT,
switching frequency (kHz)
multilevel topology: NPC, capacitor-clamped,
multicell, passive or active filter, medium voltage
transformer elimination,
39
TECHNOLOGY
Controller gear box generator back-to-back converter transformer grid
- Objetives:
maximize energy capture
turbine start-up ON
grid interaction power control

max. energy
- Functions: OFF
signal acquisition: voltage and current sensors, encoders,

target operating point calculation: system state
variables.
control: control actions
generation of output signals: duty-ratios, PWM,
signal transmission to the converter: post-processing,
optical fiber,
- Hardware: DSPs, PowerPCs, FPGAs, processing time about s.
- Non-linear control strategies: multivariable, adaptive, fuzzy,
40
TECHNOLOGY
Cooling system Pitch mechanism
Generator Target
temperature Power
Gearbox Power
temperature Calculation
Pitch
Cooling Pitch control
Subsyst subsyste
. m
Converter
temperature
Yaw mechanism
Wind
direction
Wind meters
Wind
spee
d
- Measurements: Torsion
switch
Torsion
sensor
Yaw
mechanism
wind speed and wind

direction
41
TECHNOLOGY
Safety system PLC
maintenanc
e
Pressur
e
springs High availability ratio
failure
Aerodynami
c
Redundant systems
safet
y
Hydr
aulic
brake
Stop motor monitoring Safety
monitoring
Maintenanc
e
Emergency
Mechani
c Typical PLC: Siemens SIMATIC S7-
brake
300
SCADA
Hydraulic system
Pressur
e springs
failure
Aerodynamic
brake
hydra Hydrau
pitch
ulic -lic
coolin
g
safet
y
Mechani
c
brake
42
TECHNOLOGY
SCADA and Communications (I)
- Objetives:
O&M cost optimization (offshore).
monitoring and
setting up 100 to 500 parameter/turbine
coordination of the
wind farm subsystems: turbines, medium voltage grid,
meteo station and substation. Modular structure:
Remote Interface
Units (RIU)
Turbine
communications
100 Mbps optical fiber nets, TCP/IP

Wind farm protocol, integration with medium
communications voltage cables, distribution using
switches
43
TECHNOLOGY
SCADA and Communications (II)
alert messaging
control commands
Challenges report generation

Conventional technology based on
lowdata
voltage
baseequipment.
managing
Additional training in medium voltage technology
is required. High start-up costs because of technology
uncertainty. Customer: accepts to pay more for
higher performance? 44
TECHNOLOGY
Resources
- GREP (DEE / UPC):
pioneer in multilevel technology in
Spain (1996)
advanced equipment and
labs
available for low power tests
experience in multilevel prototypes
- Test sites (cooperations):

full power
tests available
thermal chamb
with turbine technology

45
TECHNOLOGY
Additional technologies
- Other applications in a wind farm:
HVDC, Active filtering, storage
Power Transmission in DC (HVDC)
Energy Storage
Systems (SMES)
Reactive Power
compensation
46
HVDC enabling tech for offshore
HV concept
AC
DC
Topologies
47
Basic layouts
48
Electric vehicle: enabling technology
Electric demand in Spain: real data from regulator
https://demanda.ree.es/comparativa_curvas.html
Wind energy production: real data from regulator
https://demanda.ree.es/eolicaEntreFechas.html
Main concepts:
The utilities are interested in reducing the ripple of the demand
Electric vehicles can store during the night the surplus of wind
production
Non-running electric vehicles can be charged or discharged during
the week if owners are properly compensated.
49
ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS
Estimation of results
- Barrier: turbine costs are confidential.
- Previous analysis: costs are different for onshore or offshore.
- Influence of the technology on cost:

O&M cost reduction: increasing the availability factor
reduction of cost per turbine
reduction of the structure costs
reduction of the cost per installed kW / per kWh
in the case of MW turbines: materials
transportation
50 costs are higher
CONCLUSIONS
Description of the different parts of a wind power

system.
Description of the power subsystem (generator /

converter / controller) and of the operation and
monitoring subsystem (PLC + SCADA).
Technical and economical options have been assessed.
Affordability must be also evaluated from the social

point of view and the environmental benefits.
Multilevel technology makes possible the

implementation in other subsystems within a wind
farm. 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wind Energy Systems. The book
Dr Gary Johnson, 2014
Wind energy handbook
2nd ed.
Chichester [etc.] : John Wiley & Sons, 2011
Power conversion and control of wind energy
Hoboken : Wiley-IEEE Press, 2011
Wind energy and the electricity prices: exploring the merit order effect
Brussels: EWEA , 2010
Wind energy basics: a guide to home- and community-based wind
energy systems
Gipe, Paul, 2nd ed.
White River Junction, VT : Chelsea Green, 2009
52
Urban wind energy
Stankovic, Sinisa
London : Earthscan, 2009
Wind energy explained : theory, design and application
Manwell, J. F.
Chichester: John Wiley & sons, 2009
Wind energy the facts & guide to the technology
economics and future of wind power
London ; Sterling, VA : Earthscan, 2009
Wind energy generation : modelling and control
Chichester, U.K. : John Wiley & Sons, 2009
53
Wind energy : renewable energy and the environment
Nelson, Vaughn
Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2009
Offshore wind energy : technical aspects and feasibility
study of offshore on Spanish coasts [electronic
document]
Izaguirre Fernndez, Zaira
2010
Wind energy systems for electric power generation
Stiebler, Manfred
Berlin : Springer, 2008
54
Optimal control of wind energy systems : towards a
global approach
London : Springer, 2008
Grid integration of wind energy conversion systems
Heier, Siegfried
2nd ed.
Chichester [etc.] : John Wiley & Sons, 2006
Wind energy explained : theory, design and application
Manwell, J. F.
New York [etc.] : John Wiley & Sons, 2002
55

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Master MUEI Renewable Energy course

Wind Power Systems

Prof. Josep Bordonau

GREP Research Group in Power

State-of-the-art of the wind power industry

Capacity factor Cf is the ratio of the average available wind

Weibull distribution, depends on c (scale factor close to

The case of Ecotcnia

Master MUEI Renewable Energy course

Dr Gary Johnson. Wind Energy Systems. The book. 2014

Master MUEI Renewable Energy course

Master MUEI Renewable Energy course 12

Master MUEI Renewable Energy course 13

Master MUEI Renewable Energy course 14

Forecast year 2020

- 12% coverage of the world necessities.

Turbine Components Adminis-

Farm Utility Banks

Components manufacturer (supplier)

Fixed Speed Wind Generators

Variable Speed Wind

- Efficiency: boost of 3-28%.

Wounded rotor asynchronous generator

Rotor resistors Doubly fed

(The power converter

- 3 configurations verify the system specifications: variable speed

Wind energy basics

- Higher power processing capability.

Controller gear box generator back-to-back converter transformer grid

grid interaction power control

signal acquisition: voltage and current sensors, encoders,

wind speed and wind

100 Mbps optical fiber nets, TCP/IP

Challenges report generation

- Test sites (cooperations):

with turbine technology

Power Transmission in DC (HVDC)

- Influence of the technology on cost:

Description of the different parts of a wind power

Description of the power subsystem (generator /

Technical and economical options have been assessed.

Affordability must be also evaluated from the social

Multilevel technology makes possible the

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