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Class 1: Angles

Class 2: Parallel lines and angles

Class 3: Quadrilaterals and types of triangles.

Class 4: Congruent triangles.

Class 5: Theorems 1- 4

Class 6: Theorems 5 & 6

Class 7: Theorem 7 and the three deductions.(Two classes is advised)

Class 8: Theorem 8

Class 9: Theorem 9

Class 10: Theorem 10

Select the class required then click

mouse key to view class.
 Angles

An angle is formed when two lines meet. The size of the angle measures
the amount of space between the lines. In the diagram the lines ba and bc
are called the arms of the angle, and the point b at which they meet is
called the vertex of the angle. An angle is denoted by the symbol .An
angle can be named in one of the three ways:

.
a

b Angle
Amount of space
.
c
1. Three letters

.
a

b .
c

Using three letters, with the centre at the

vertex. The angle is now referred to as :
abc or cba.
2. A number

.
a

b 1 . c

Putting a number at the vertex of the angle. The

angle is now referred to as 1.
3. A capital letter

.
a

b B .
c

Putting a capital letter at the vertex of the angle.

The angle is now referred to as B.
 Measuring angles

Right angle

A quarter of a revolution is called a right angle.

Therefore a right angle is 90.
We use the symbol to denote a right angle.

Straight angle

A half a revolution or two right angles makes a

straight angle.

A straight angle is 180.

Acute, Obtuse and reflex Angles

Any angle that is less than 90 is called an

acute angle.

An angle that is greater than 90 but

less than 180 is called an obtuse
angle.

An angle greater than 180 is called a

reflex angle.
Angles on a straight line

Angles on a straight line add up to 180.

A + B = 180 .
A B

Angles at a point

Angles at a point add up to 360.

B
C
A+ B + C + D + E = 360 A D
E
Pairs of lines:
Intersecting
Consider the lines L and K :

.
p

K
L intersects K at p
written : L K = {p}
Parallel lines

L is parallel to K

Written: LK
Parallel lines never meet and are usually indicated by arrows.
Parallel lines always remain the same distance apart.
Perpendicular
L

L is perpendicular to K
Written: L K
The symbol is placed where two lines meet to show that they are
perpendicular
Now work on practical examples
in your maths book.
Parallel lines and Angles
C

1.Vertically opposite angles

B A
When two straight lines cross, four
angles are formed. The two angles that
are opposite each other are called
vertically opposite angles. Thus a and b D
are vertically opposite angles. So also
are the angles c and d.

From the above diagram: A+ B = 180 .. Straight angle

B + C = 180 ... Straight angle

A + C = B + C Now subtract c from both
sides
A=B
2. Corresponding Angles

The diagram below shows a line L and four other parallel lines intersecting it.

The line L intersects each of these lines.

All the highlighted angles are in corresponding positions.
These angles are known as corresponding angles.
If you measure these angles you will find that they are all equal.
In the given diagram the line L intersects two
parallel lines A and B. The highlighted angles
are equal because they are corresponding L
angles.

.
The angles marked with are also
. A
corresponding angles

. B

Remember: When a third line intersects two parallel lines the

corresponding angles are equal.
3. Alternate angles

The diagram shows a line L intersecting two

parallel lines A and B.
The highlighted angles are between the parallel
lines and on alternate sides of the line L. These
shaded angles are called alternate angles and are
L
equal in size. Remember the Z shape.

B
Now work on practical examples
from your maths books.
 Quadrilaterals

A quadrilateral is a four sided figure.

The four angles of a quadrilateral sum to 360. b c

a + b + c + d = 360
(This is because a quadrilateral can be divided up a
d
into two triangles.)

Note: Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral sum to 180.

a + c = 180
b + d = 180
The following are different types of
Quadrilaterals
 Parallelogram

1. Opposite sides are parallel 2. Opposite sides are equal

3. Opposite angles are equal 4. Diagonals bisect each other

. ..
.. .
Rhombus

1. Opposite sides are parallel 2. All sides are equal 3. Opposite angles are equal

. ..
.. .

4. Diagonals bisect each other 5. Diagonal intersects at right 6. Diagonals bisect opposite
angles angles

.. .
. ..
Rectangle
1. Opposite sides are parallel 2. Opposite sides are equal

3. All angles are right angles 4. Diagonals are equal and bisect each
other
Square
1. Opposite sides are parallel 2. All sides are equal 3. All angles are right angles

4. Diagonals are equal and 5. Diagonals intersect at 6. Diagonals bisect each

bisect each other right angles angle

.. ..
.. ..
Types of Triangles Isosceles Triangle

Equilateral Triangle

.
. . a b
3 equal sides
2 sides equal
3 equal angles
Base angles are equal
Scalene triangle a = b
(base angles are the angles
opposite equal sides)

3 unequal sides
3 unequal angles
Now work on practical examples
from your maths books.
 Congruent triangles

Congruent means identical. Two triangles are said to be congruent if they have
equal lengths of sides, equal angles, and equal areas. If placed on top of each other
they would cover each other exactly.

a x
abc xyz

b c y z

The symbol for congruence is . For two triangles to be congruent (identical), the
three sides and three angles of one triangle must be equal to the three sides and three
angles of the other triangle. The following are the tests for congruency.
 Case 1

Three sides of one triangle = Three sides of the other triangle

SSS
Three sides
 Case 2

Two sides and the included angle of = Two sides and the included angle of
one triangle one triangle

SAS
(side, angle, side)
 Case 3

One side and two angles of = Corresponding side and two

one triangle angles of one triangle

ASA
(angle, side, angle)
 Case 4

A right angle, the hypotenuse and = A right angle, the hypotenuse and
the other side of one triangle the other side of one triangle

RHS
(Right angle, hypotenuse, side)
 Now do practical examples on
congruent triangles in your maths
book.
Theorem: Vertically opposite angles are equal in measure.

L
Given: Intersecting lines L and K, with vertically
opposite angles 1 and 2.
3
1 2
To prove : 1=2

Construction: Label angle 3

K Proof: 1+3=180 Straight angle

2+3=180 Straight angle

1+3=3+2 .....Subtract 3 from both sides

1=2
Q.E.D.
 Theorem: The measure of the three angles of a triangle sum to 180.

Given: The triangle abc with 1,2 and 3.

a
4 3 5
To Prove: 1+2+3=180

Construction: Draw a line through a, Parallel to

bc. Label angles 4 and 5.

Proof: 1=4 and 2=5 Alternate angles

1 2
b c
1+2+3=4+5+3

But 4+5+3=180 Straight angle

1+2+3=180

Q.E.D.
Theorem: An exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two interior opposite
angles in measure.
a
1

2 4 3
b c
Given: A triangle with interior opposite angles 1 and 2 and the exterior angle 3.
To prove: 1+ 2= 3
Construction: Label angle 4
Proof: 1+ 2+ 4=180 Three angles in a triangle

3+ 4=180 Straight angle

1+ 2+ 4= 3+ 4
1+ 2= 3 Q.E.D.
Theorem: If to sides of a triangle are equal in measure, then the angles
opposite these sides are equal in measure.
a
3 4

b 1 2 c
d
Given: The triangle abc, with ab = ac and base angles 1 and 2.
To prove: 1 = 2
Construction: Draw ad, the bisector of bac. Label angles 3 and 4.
Proof: Consider abd and acd:
ab = ac given
3 = 4 construction
ad = ad common
abd acd SAS
1 = 2 Corresponding angles
Q.E.D.
Now work on practical examples
from your maths books.
 Theorem: Opposite sides and opposite angles of a parallelgram are respectively
equal in measure.
a d
1 4

3 2
b c
Given: Parallelogram abcd
To prove: ab = dc , ad = bc
abc = adc, bad = bcd
Construction: Join a to c. Label angles 1,2,3 and 4.
Proof: Consider abc and adc :
1= 2 and 3= 4 Alternate angles
ac = ac common
abc adc ASA
ab = dcand ad = bc Corresponding sides
And abc = adc Corresponding angles
Similarly, bad = bcd Q.E.D.
Theorem:A diagonal bisects the area of a parallelogram.

a d

b c

Given: Parallelogram abcd with diagonal [ac].

To prove: Area of abc = area of adc.

Proof: Consider abc and adc:

Opposite sides
ab = dc
ad = bc Opposite sides
ac = ac Common
abc adc SSS
area abc = area adc
Q.E.D.
Now work on practical examples
from your maths books.
Theorem: The measure of the angle at the centre of the circle is twice the measure
of the angle at the circumference, standing on the same arc.
a

24

.
15
o

3
b c

Given: Circle, centre o, containing points a, b and c.

To prove: boc = 2 bac
Construction: Join a to o and continue to d. Label angles 1,2,3,4 and 5.
Proof: Consider aob:
1= 2 + 3 Exterior angle
But 2 = 3 Base angles in an isosceles
1 = 2 2
Similarly, 5 = 2 4
1+ 5 = 2 2 + 2 4
1 + 5 = 2(2 + 4)
i.e. boc = 2 bac Q.E.D.
Deduction 1: All angles at the circumference on the same arc are equal in
measure. d
a
1 2

.
o

c
b

To prove: bac = bdc

Proof: 3 = 2 1 Angle at the centre is twice the angle on the
circumference (both on the arc bc)
3 = 2 2 Angle at the centre is twice the angle on
the circumference (both on arc bc)
2 1 = 2 2
1 = 2
i.e. bac = bdc Q.E.D.
Deduction 2: An angle subtended by a diameter at the circumference is a right
angle.
a
1

b .
o

2
c

To prove: bac = 90

Proof: 2 = 2 1 Angle at the centre is twice the angle on

the circumference (both on the arc bc)
straight line.
But 2 = 180
2 1 = 180
1 = 90
i.e. bac = 90
Q.E.D.
Deduction 3: The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180.
a
1

.
4o
3
d

2
c
To prove: bad + bcd = 180
Proof: 3 = 2 1 Angle at the centre is twice the angle on
the circumference. (both on minor arc bd)
4 = 2 2 Angle at the centre is twice the angle on the
circumference. (Both on the major arc bd)
3 + 4 = 2 1 + 2 2
But 3 + 4 = 360 Angles at a point
2 1 + 2 2 = 360
1 + 2 = 180 i.e. bad + bcd = 180
Q.E.D.
Now work on practical examples
from your maths books.
Theorem: A line through the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the
chord.
a

1 d
c
L
2

b
Given: Circle, centre c, a line L containing c, chord [ab], such
that L ab and L ab = d.
To prove: ad = bd
Construction: Label right angles 1 and 2.
Proof: Consider cda and cdb:
1 = 2 = 90 Given
ca = cb Both radii
cd = cd common
cda cdb RHS
Corresponding sides
ad = bd
Q.E.D.
Now work on practical examples
from your maths books.
Theorem: If two triangles are equiangular, the lengths of the corresponding sides are in
proportion.

Given : Two triangles with equal angles.

To prove: |ab| |ac| |bc|

= =
|de| |df| |ef|

Construction: On ab mark off ax equal in length to de.

On ac mark off ay equal to df and label
a d the angles 4 and 5.

2 2 Proof: 1 = 4

[xy] is parallel to [bc]

x 4 5 y
e 1 3 f |ab| |ac|
= As xy is parallel to bc.
|ax| |ay|

|ab| |ac| |bc|

b 1 3 c = Similarly =
|de| |df| |ef|
Q.E.D.
Now work on practical examples
from your maths books.
 Theorem: In a right-angled triangle, the square of the length of the side
opposite to the right angle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two
sides.

To prove that angle 1 is 90

Proof:
b a 3+ 4+ 5 = 180 Angles in a triangle
But 5 = 90 => 3+ 4 = 90
a 2 c
b
c => 3+ 2 = 90 Since 2 = 4
1

3 Now 1+ 2+ 3 = 180 Straight line

b c
c => 1 = 180 - ( 3+ 2 )
a
5 4 => 1 = 180 - ( 90 ) Since 3+ 2 already
a b proved to be 90
=> 1 = 90

Q.E.D.
Now work on practical examples
from your maths books.