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UNIT 3

3A MODERN MANNERS
GRAMMAR:
MUST / HAVE TO / SHOULD
SUMMARY
MUST MUSTNT HAVE TO DONT HAVE TO
Personal obligation Prohibition General obligation - No need
PRESENT TENSE PRESENT TENSE (law) - ALL TENSES
ALL TENSES (had to, Remember:
will have to) dont/doesnt have
You must attend to You mustnt use He had to switch If he arrives soon,
the conference your mobile here off his cell phone you wont have to
stay with the baby

SHOULD Give advice & Manners


SHOULDNT PRESENT TENSE

OUGTH TO You should greet people with a smile


OUGHTNT TO
UNIT 3
3B JUDGING BY APPEARANCES
GRAMMAR:
MUST / MAY / MIGHT / CANT
EXPRESSING DEDUCTION
We can use must/may/might/cant to express our reasonable
conclusion about something:
DEGREE OF
POSSIBILITY
She is fatter she must be pregnant. Sure
She is fatter she may be pregnant.
She is fatter she might be pregnant.
Possible
She is thinner than ever
she may/might not be pregnant!
She is thinner than ever she cant be pregnant! Impossible

*Attention! When we are sure something is not true or


impossible, we use cant, NEVER mustnt
UNIT 3
3C IF AT FIRST YOU DONT SUCCEED
GRAMMAR:
CAN / COULD / BE ABLE TO
EXPRESSING ABILITY & POSSIBILITY
CAN/COULD/BE ABLE TO are used to speak about our
knowledge to do something or if something is possible for
us or not.
CAN is a modal verb. Therefore, it can just appear in the
present
I cant sing, but I can play the guitar
However, COULD can be considered as the past form of can.
I couldnt sing at the karaoke because the bar was closed
Moreover, both, CAN and COULD may be said to have a
future and conditional meaning:
He cant help you today. He is busy with some clients
Could you help me with this table, please?
WHATS THE DIFFERENCE?
I cant sing, but I can play the guitar
I may/might not sing, but I may/might play the guitar
WHATS THE DIFFERENCE?
I cant sing, but I can play the guitar [possibility: ability]
I may/might not sing, but I may/might play the guitar
[possibility: deduction]
WHATS THE DIFFERENCE?
I cant sing, but I can play the guitar [possibility: ability]
I may/might not sing, but I may/might play the guitar
[possibility: deduction]

I cant sing at the karaoke because the bar is closed

I may/might not sing at the karaoke because the bar is


closed
WHATS THE DIFFERENCE?
I cant sing, but I can play the guitar [possibility: ability]
I may/might not sing, but I may/might play the guitar
[possibility: deduction]

I cant sing at the karaoke because the bar is closed


[possibility: proven fact]
I may/might not sing at the karaoke because the bar is
closed
[possibility: deduction]
WHATS THE DIFFERENCE?
I cant sing, but I can play the guitar [possibility: ability]
I may/might not sing, but I may/might play the guitar
[possibility: deduction]
I cant sing at the karaoke because the bar is closed
[possibility: proven fact]
I may/might not sing at the karaoke because the bar is closed
[possibility: deduction]
He cant help you today. He is busy with some paperwork

He may/might not help you today. He is busy with some clients


WHATS THE DIFFERENCE?
I cant sing, but I can play the guitar [possibility: ability]
I may/might not sing, but I may/might play the guitar
[possibility: deduction]
I cant sing at the karaoke because the bar is closed
[possibility: proven fact]
I may/might not sing at the karaoke because the bar is closed
[possibility: deduction]
He cant help you today. He is busy with some paperwork
[no possibility: ability/proven fact]
He may/might not help you today. He is busy with some clients
[possibility: deduction]
What about be able to?
BE ABLE TO also expresses ability and possibility.

In the present and past, it is more formal that can/could it is usually


related to a personal/special effort.
Sorry, we couldnt/werent able to come too much work
I am able to swim! I have been practicing all summer
I was able to learn the whole unit!

In all other tenses, we use be able to:


[future] With your new job, youll be able to buy a house!
[present perfect] Ive been able to sing since I was a child
[infinitive] Id like to be able to sing, but Im not.
[gerund] Being able to sing has always been my dream
LETS PRACTICE: 3C, page 135
LETS PRACTICE: 3C, page 135
Lets see an example:
READING PAGE 44
If at first you dont succeed
Lets see an example:
READING PAGE 44
If at first you dont succeed

BE ABLE TO
HOW WORDS WORK [PAGE 45]
LETS SPEAK! [PAGE 45]

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