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Biological molecules 4
Biomolecules
Also, our biomolecules are
formed by joining many small
units together to form a long
chain.
Sugar
Starch
Carbs
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate means hydrated carbon
Composing elements C, H, O
Called saccharides
Glucose is a
monosaccharide
Monosaccharides
C6H12O6
Fructose
Galactose
Glucose
Biological molecules 20
Disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Disaccharides
Lactose: glucose + galactose
sucrose
Biological molecules 22
Importance:
Energy storage: sucrose is a store of energy in
sugarcane and sugar beets
Biological molecules 23
Polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Biological molecules 25
Polymers
A polymer is any molecule made up
of several repeating units. Starch is a
polymer of glucose.
How does our body break
down this bread?
Breaks down into
microscopic molecules
Monosaccharide Disaccharide
Structure
Sugar
Many
Polysaccharide
Structure
Sugar
Two
Di saccharide
Structure
Sugar
One
Monosaccharide
Function
Provide QUICK energy to the body!
LIPIDS
Lipids
Composing elements C, H, O
Include:
fats
oils
Waxes
Phospholipids
steroids: sex hormones and cholesterol
some vitamins
glycolipids (lipids with carbohydrates attached)
Biological molecules 34
Lipids
Lipids are made up of carbon, Most common lipids are
hydrogen and oxygen. composed of two different
functional groups:
The ratio of these elements is
roughly 1carbon: 2 hydrogen. Glycerol, an alcohol with three
Oxygen is present only in trace oxygen groups.
amounts.
Fatty acids, which are long
hydrocarbon chains.
Lipid structure
Most lipids are composed of a of glycerol molecule with attached fatty acids
Fatty acid
Triglyceride
Fatty acid
Phospholipid GLYCEROL
HYDROPHOBIC END
Fatty acid
Glycerol
Fatty acid
PO4
FATTY ACIDS
Biological molecules 36
HYDROPHYLIC END
Lipids
ALL lipids repel water,
due to how hydrophobic
they are. This means
that they do not bond to
water molecules.
Lipids
Lipids are grouped by the
number of double bonds found
in the hydrocarbon chain.
Unsaturated
fats
Their Fatty acids have:
Kinked in shape
Healthy
Biological molecules 39
Saturated fatty acid
Saturated fats:
Their fatty acids
Straight structure
Biological molecules 40
Breaks down into
microscopic molecules
Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
Monomer:
3 fatty acids + glycerol
Function
Made mainly of carbon and hydrogen (few
oxygen)
Fat best method of STORING
forms cell membranes
Insulates nerve cells (myelin)
Insulates body (maintains homeostasis)
Importance; Biological
Role
Used to store energy (approx 36 kj/gram)
Mitochondrion
Fat cell
(false color TEM)
surfaces
Transmission of
chemical messages
Biological molecules 49
Lipids
Oily and fatty foods tend to leave We can also use ethanol, which
stains upon contact. dissolves lipids.
This is why we can use brown
The dissolved fats are then
paper to detect fats.
diluted with water. Since water
and lipids dont mix, the lipids
come out of solution.
This creates an emulsion a
milky, cloudy liquid.
Protein
C,H,O,N and some have S
insulin:C254H377N65O76S6
Biological molecules 51
Protein
All proteins contain carbon, Monomer: Amino acid
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Polymer: Protein or polypeptide
In addition, sulfur may be A peptide is a chain of amino
present as well. acids, so a polypeptide is
several chains put together.
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
1. Catalytic function:
Nearly all chemical reactions in biological systems are catalyzed by specific enzymes.
5. Defense function:
For Example Clotting factors prevent loss of blood.
For Example
growth factor proteins.
hormones such as insulin and thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Protein
Proteins serve many vital
functions in your body:
Structural support
Speeding up chemical
reactions
Transport of molecules
Fighting infection
and many more!
Protein Structure
Proteins are the most abundant and important
organic molecules
Basic elements:
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N)
Endergonic reactions:
use more energy than they produce
Challenge:
Describe what you see (at least 3 sentences)
Whey
Protein
Meat
Polypeptide
Peanut
butter
Breaks down into
microscopic molecules
Polypeptide
Meat
Amino Acid
Monomer: amino acid
Polymer: polypeptide
Monomer: Amino Acids
Contains C, H, O, N
20 types
Has both hydrophobic
& hydrophylic ends
Differ in R-group
R-group can be acidic,
basic or neutral
Makes polypeptide
then makes proteins
Function of Proteins
Provides us with building
blocks for life!
Also regulate most functions
in a cell.
Glycoproteins (antigens)
Combines w/DNA to form
chromosomes
Turns genes on and off
Antibodies (fights disease)
Function of Proteins
Provides structure &
strength (fibers)
Transports molecules in &
out cells
Hemoglobin (transports O2)
Enzymes has ase suffix
Acts as hormones (insulin)-
many proteins have suffix
of -in
Nucleic Acids
Contains C, H, O, N, P
Monomer: NUCLEOTIDES
Nucleotides consist of 3 parts:
1. 5-Carbon Sugar
2. Phosphate Group
3. Nitrogenous Base
Bellringer: Describe in detail what you see in
the diagram. (minimum 3 sentences)
This is a picture of
ATP. ATP is one
type of polymer of a
nucleic acid. It is
made of adenine,
sugar, and 3
phosphate groups.
Nucleotide: Nitrogen Bases
5 types
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine (in DNA
only)
In DNA: In RNA: Uracil (in RNA only)
C-G C-G
A-T A-U Purines or pyrimidines
Nucleotides:
5-carbon sugar and phosphate group
2 types of sugars
Ribose (in RNA only)
Deoxyribose (in DNA
only)
deoxyribose ribose
Phosphate group
Contains phosphorus &
oxygen
Polymer: polynucleotide
Nucleic Acids
The 5-carbon sugar is
deoxyribose, in the case of
DNA.
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbon
Compounds
include
Sugars and
Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
starches
which contain which contain which contain which contain