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Alpha () particle
231
235
92 U 90 X
231 4
235
92 U Th
90 2 He
Types of Nuclear Radiation
Beta () particle
238
92 U 238
93 Np 0
-1 e
In - decay [ n p + e ]
40
19 K 40
20 Ca 0
-1 e
Beta decay
In + decay [p n + e+ ]
13 0
13
7 N 6 C 1 e
Artificially-produced
Types of Nuclear Radiation
Gamma () rays
92 90 2 He
222
Rn
____
86 218
84 Po 4
2 He
97
Zr 97
Nb e 0
______
1
40 41
APPLICATION
0
14
6 C X -1 e
14 0
14
6 C 7 N -1 e
Stable or
Unstable?
STABLE OR UNSTABLE?
THE ODD-EVEN RULE
In the odd-even rule, when the numbers of
neutrons and protons in the nucleus are both
even numbers, the isotopes tend to be far more
stable than when they are both odd. Out of all
the 264 stable isotopes, only 5 have both odd
numbers of both, whereas 157 have even
numbers of both, and the rest have a mixed
number. This has to do with the spins of
nucleons.
STABLE OR UNSTABLE?
THE MAGIC NUMBERS
Another rule of nuclear stability is that
isotopes with certain numbers of protons or
neutrons tend to be more stable than the rest.
These certain numbers are called the magic
numbers, 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126. When a
nucleus has a number of protons and neutrons
that are the same magic number, it is very
stable. For example: 42He, 168O, and 4020Ca.
One stable isotope of lead, 20882Pb, has 82
protons and 126 neutrons.
APPLICATION
235 223
92 U 88 Ra
128
12
6 C 53 I
APPLICATION
You were given three radioactive
cookies, one of each kind. You are
allowed to eat one, hold one and place
one in your pocket. Which cookie
should be placed where in order for you
to receive the least radiation?
THE END