VIROLOGY

dr. M. Ricky Ramadhian, MSc

 INTRODUCTION
The word viruses was used in
medical circles as early as 1790,
before the germ theory has been
formulated
Virus : mean poison (Latin)
Iwanowsky (1892) :Tobacco mosaic
disease passed through filter of
bacteria
Leffler & Frosch (1898): disease of
nail & mouth of cattle passed
through filter of bacteria
 CHARACTERISTICS
Small, ranging from about 20 300 nm diameter
Totally depend upon a living cell, either eukaryotic or
prokaryotic, for replication and existence
Some viruses possess complex enzyme of their own
: RNA or DNA polymerases but they cannot amplify &
reproduce the information in their own genomes
without assistance
Contain only one kind of nucleic acid, RNA or DNA
Have a component a receptor-binding protein for
attaching to cells
CHARACTERISTICS
To see the virus electron
microscope
Growth need living cells/ tissues
Can not growth saprophytic
Only have certain enzyme for metabolism
and energy
Easy mutated changes antigenic
property
Multiplication different from bacteria
MORPHOLOGY & VIRUS
STRUCTURE

RNA
Nucleus nucleic acid genome

DNA
Capsid : capsomere polypeptide
nucleus & capsid nucleocapsid
2 geometric shapes :
Helical symetry
Cubic symetry : Icosahedral pattern
Complex

Envelope
+
CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES
The International Committee on Taxonomy
of Viruses
Basis of classification :
1. Virion morphology : size, shape, type
of symetry, presence or absence of
peplomers and membranes
2. Physicochemical properties :
molecular mass, bouyant density, pH
& thermal stability, susceptibility to
physical & chemical agents especially
ether & detergent
CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES
Basis of classification (continued) :
3.Virus genome properties : type of
nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), size of
genome in kb or kbp, strandedness
(single or double), linier or circular,
sense (positive or negative)
4.Virus protein properties
5. Genome organization and replication
6. Antigenic properties
7. Biologic properties : natural host range,
mode of transmission, vector
relationships, pathogenicity, tissue
tropisms and pathology
 CLASSSIFICATION BY
SYMPTOMATOLOGY

The oldest classification of viruses :

based on the disease they produce
convenience for clinicians
It is not satisfactory for the biologists :
The same virus may appear in several
groups if it causes more than one disease,
depending upon the organ attacked
Completely unrelated viruses may produce
similar diseases (e.g. respiratory infections
or hepatitis)
Universal system of virus taxonomy
VIRUS FAMILY : - VIRIDAE
Virion morphology, genome structure
& strategies of replication
GENERA : physicochemical or
serologic differences
GENUS : virus
SUBFAMILIES : VIRINAE

Poxviridae, Herpesviridae,
Parvoviridae, Paramyxoviridae
 DNA VIRUSES

ENVELOPED NAKED

Double stranded Double stranded Single stranded

Icosahedral Complex Icosahedral Icosahedral

HERPES POX PAPOVA PARVO

HEPADNA ADENO
 RNA VIRUSES
Single stranded Double stranded

Positive stranded (+) Negative stranded (-)

Naked Enveloped Enveloped Naked

*PICORNA *TOGA BUNYA *REO

*CALICI *FLAVI ORTHOMYXO
CORONA PARAMYXO
RETRO RHABDO
ARENA
FILO
* Icosahedral; all of the rest have helical symetry
VIRION : complete infective virus particle
Adenovirus
Papovavirus virion nucleocapsid
Picornavirus

Herpes virus
virion nucleocapsid
Myxovirus + envelope
 DEFECTIVE VIRUSES :
Lacks one or more functional genes
required for replication require helper
activity from another virus

PRION (Proteinaceous infectious particles)

only consist protein possess no nucleic acid
VIRAL REPLICATION
Attachment receptor
Penetration pinocytosis
Uncoating
Synthesis
Maturation
Release
VIRAL REPLICATION
ATTACHMENT Click after each step to view process

PENETRATION HOST
UNCOATING FUNCTIONS

Transcription
Translation
REPLICATION

VIRAL
LIFE ASSEMBLY
CYCLE (MATURATION)

RELEASE

MULTIPLICATION
 STRUCTURAL
PROTEINS
RNA DNA mRNA
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION
TRANSCRIPTION ENZYMES

STRUCTURAL
PROTEINS
DNA mRNA
TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION
ENZYMES
 STRUCTURAL
PROTEINS
POSITIVE (+) RNA
TRANSLATION
ENZYMES

STRUCTURAL

PROTEINS
NEGATIVE (-) RNA POSITIVE (+) RNA (mRNA)
TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION
with virus RNA dependent
RNA polymerase ENZYMES
REACTION TO PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL AGENTS
HEAT & COLD
icosahedral viruses tend to be stable losing
little infectivity : several hours, 370C
enveloped viruses more heat-labile
viral infectivity destroyed by heating at 50 -
600C except : hepatitis B virus, papovavirus,
scrapie agent
preservation by storage at subfreezing
temp., lyophilization
enveloped viruses tend to lose infectivity :
prolonged storage, - 900C, sensitive to
repeated freezing & thawing
STABILIZATION OF VIRUSES BY SALTS
many viruses can be stabilize by salts in
concentration of 1 mol/L
still active by heating at 500C, 1 hour
MgCl2 1 mol/L stabilize picorna- and
reoviruses
MgSO4 1 mol/ L stabilize orthomyxo-
and paramyxoviruses
Na2SO4 1 mol/ L stabilize herpesvirus

Stability of viruses : preparation of vaccines

pH
stable pH 5,0 9,0
enteroviruses : resistant to acidic
conditions
all viruses : destroyed by alkaline
conditions

RADIATION
ultraviolet, x-ray, high energy particles
inactivated viruses, the dose
varies for different viruses
PHOTODYNAMIC INACTIVATION
viruses are penetrable to varying
degree by vital dyes : toluidin blue,
neutral red, & provlavine dyes bind
to nucleic acid
- virus susceptible to inactivation of
visible light

ETHER SUSCEPTIBILITY
Distinguish viruses that possess an
envelope from those that do not
DETERGENTS
nonionic detergents :
solubilize lipid component of viral
membrane viral proteins in the
enveloped release (undenatured)
anionic detergent :
solubilize viral envelope,
disrupt capsid into separated
polypeptides
FORMALDEHYDES
destroys viral infectivity by reacting
with nucleic acids
ss genome inactivated much more
readily than ds genome
has minimal adverse effects on
antigenicity of proteins used
frequently in the production of
inactivated viral vaccine
TERIMA KASIH