Excavation

Excavation
Excavation.
Any man made cut, cavity or
depression in the earths surface
formed by earth.
Trench.
A narrow underground excavation
that is deeper than its width but not
wider than 4.5 m (15).

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 Excavation Hazards
Soil Collapse / Soil Cave
Utilities
Hazardous atmospheres
Adjacent structures
Falls / Falling loads
Access / Egress
Vehicle traffic
Mobile equipment

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 Prior to Excavation

Ground / Soil condition

Ground / Surface Water
Location of Water Table
Under ground / Overhead utilities
Proximity & physical condition of
Adjacent buildings
Dynamic load / Traffic

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 Soil Classification
Type A : cohesive soils with an unconfined,
compressive strength of 143.69 kN / M2. or
greater. Examples : clay, silty clay, sandy clay, clay
loam
Type B : 47.91 143.69 kN / M2 .
Eg : Granular cohesion less soils including: angular
gravel (similar to crushed rock), silt, silt loam, sandy
loam
Type C: > 47.91 kN / M2
Eg: gravel, sand, loamy sand,Submerged soil or soil
from which water is freely seeping; or Submerged rock
that is not stable

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 Preventing Soil Collapse
Soil classification (Type A, B & C)

Shoring & Timbering

Sheet Piling
Sloping & Benching
Placing a shield.

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Shoring & Timbering
Required in trenches
in soil of more than 1.5 m deep
in unstable rock of more than 2 m deep
Vertical sides should extend 30 cm above
pit
Toe board incase of open spaced
sheathing
Approved quality of sal wood or material of
higher strength.
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Shoring & Timbering

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Shoring & Timbering

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Sheet Piling is used where

Providing safe stable slopes is

economically impractical
Slopes required are infeasible due to
proximity of nearby structure(s).
Excavation of slope undesirable due to
fluid condition of the erratic material being
worked.

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Sheet Piling - Precautions
Work area barricaded to restrict unauthorized persons.
Driving operation - nobody including the concerned workmen shall
be allowed in the operations area.
Assembling, maintenance and disassembling on the equipment is to
be done as per the manufacturers manual. Vibrations from vibro-
hammer to be dampened before transferring to hook of the crane.
To be ensured by checking the proper functioning of rubber & metal
springs in the vibro-hammer.

Vibro Hammer
Sheet Pile

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Sheet Pile by Conventional Mast &
Winch System
Adequate number of sleepers with sufficient
length below the rollers of the rig so that
Levelled & stable surface is available
to maintain the stability of the rig.
Impact load from the operation of the rig is distributed
over a wider area.
Stoppers to arrest movement of the roller pipes
Flywheel & other rotating parts of the winch shall
be properly guarded.

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Obstructions in Sheet Piling

1. Stop pile driving when pile
hits obstruction
2. Try next pair. If these also
obstructed, move to next pair and so on. When
a pair is found clear of obstruction, drive them
only a short distance below the obstructed
piles.

3. Drive 4. Drive the obstructed piles.

remaining piles Obstructions of small discontinuous rock
masses can be eliminated. 13
 Simple Sloping
Stable Rock 900

Type A - 3/4:1 530

Short term up to 12 -630

Note :Greater than 20 feet deep shall be designed

by a registered professional engineer. 14
 Simple Sloping -Type A Soil
Unsupported Vertically-Sided Lower Portion <8 ft

Unsupported Vertically-Sided Lower Portion <12 ft

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 Simple Sloping

Type B - 1:1 450

Type C - 1 :1 340

Note :Greater than 20 feet deep shall be designed

by a registered professional engineer. 16
Benching

Type A
Type B
(cohesive soil)
Type C

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Utilities
Underground

PERMIT SYSTEM
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UTILITIES
UNDER GROUND

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ABOVE GROUND UTILITIES

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 EFFECTS OF UTILITIES
EXPLOSION FIRE

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 UTILITIES
PREVENTION
Excavation Clearance For
Electricity

Water & Sewage Pipeline

Communication

Oil & Gas Pipe Line

From the concerned, from clients, L&T &

other Agency if any.
Detectors ( for More Reliable)

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Water Accumulation
Ground water
Surface water
Ground Level

Original Water
Table
Ground Header
Level Main

Excavat
Well ion
Point

New Water
Table 23
SURFACE WATER ACCUMULATION PREVENTION

Ifexcavation work interrupts the natural

drainage of surface water (such as streams)
Diversion ditches,
Dykes
other suitable means to prevent surface water

Excavations subject to runoff from heavy rains

require an inspection by a competent person to
evaluate water accumulation hazards.

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Hazardous Atmospheres
Should not start if air is
Less than 19.5 percent of oxygen by volume,
More than 1 percent of carbon dioxide by Volume,
More than 0.01 percent of carbon monoxide by
volume and
More than 0.002 percent of hydrogen sulphide gas by
volume.
1.5% by volume of flammable gas

PRECAUTIONS
Ventilation to over come the above said.
Blocking the source, incase of toxic and flammable
gases.
Using other effective controls to reduce the level of
atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels

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 Adjacent Structures
Shall not be commenced until
adequate steps taken
Ensure structure stability
Shoring or bracing until trench
remains open
Evaluation by Professional

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FALLING LOAD
Gravity
Weight of soil pile
Weight of near by structures
Weight of personnel &equipment
Vibration
PREVENTION
Never operate a construction equipment within 1 m
from the edge of the excavation.

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 PREVENTION
Stacking the material away from the edge of the
excavation by 1/3 rd of final depth or as per design
Special Cases 1m
Shoring to be designed for additional load
Toe boards to prevent roll back

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Plant & Machinery

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Plant & Machinery
Heavy equipments & road traffic should be away
by
Depth of the trench or
6m for trench deeper than 6m

Stop block

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 Access / Egress - Ramps
Ramps
Not steeper than 1 in 4
Total rise of continuous ramp 3.7 m
For movement of vehicle
Width 3.7 m
Substantial wheel guards where incase
of slipping hazard.
Use by wheel barrow
Min width 1m,
Min Plank thickness 50 mm
Ramp more than 3 m ht guard rail of
adequate strength
Use by Men Min width 75 cm
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 Access / Egress

Cross over
Used by men or equipment guard rails or
bridges
Guardrail height 900 -1200 mm
Ladders
@ every 30 ft Length Normal Operations
@ every 15 ft length Hazards operation
.Life Line

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Vehicle Traffic

Traffic
Management Plan
Traffic Control
Traffic Safety Vests
Fencing
Illumination

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 Traffic Management Plan

Width of the passage.

Radius of curve.
Clearance with the side by objects.

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Traffic Control Device & Vest

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 FENCING
Hard Barrication shall be
provided, in the fall prone areas
and if depth is more
Physical barricades required
always
Must be placed 2m away from
excavation
Standard fall protection required
for vertical falls over 1.3m
Traffic diversions
Pedestrian walkway diversions

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REFLECTIVE CONES BARRICADES

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 ILLUMINATION

Minimum Required Illumination.

53 Lux for General Construction Area.

108 Lux for Electrical Installation Room,
Machinery Cabins, and other
important
323 Lux for First Aid Centre and
offices.

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 Temporary Lightings.

Sufficient Area
Lighting.
Emergency Lighting
with Power back up.

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Excavation Inspections
Daily Inspections by Competent Person
Start of shift, as needed, following
rainstorms or other hazard-increasing
event
Possible cave-ins
Protective system failure

Water accumulation

Hazardous atmospheres

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Excavation Inspections
Rain

Large Load Vibration

Insufficient
Shoring

Water Seepage

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Excavation Rescues
The best rescue is the one you never have
to make!
Practice proper procedures
Make sure everything is safe before anybody goes
in!

DONT ROLL THE DICE!!!

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Any Questions ?