Solid Waste

Garbage, Refuse, Other Discarded

Sludge Materials

Solid, Liquid, Semi-

Wastewater Water Supply Air Pollution
solid, Contained
Treatment Plant Treatment Plant Control Facility
Gaseous Material

Agricultural Community
Industries Commercial Mining
Operations Activities
Control Of
Storage Collection
Generation

Disposal Of
Transport Or
Waste Processing
Transfer
Materials
PAPER AUTHOR SUMMARY
Rapid Environmental Impact Guwahati Waste Management The Project has two-way
Assessment report for Company Private Limited integration integration of all
Integrated Municipal Solid (GWMCPL) - February 2008. aspects of management of
Waste Management MSW as well as integration of
Project at Boragaon site processing technologies so as to
Guwahati, Assam. result into minimum inert to the
disposal site (landfill).
Solid Waste Management in Kavitha Padmanabhan, IAS, Issues and practices.
Guwahati city. Commissioner, Guwahati
Municipal Corporation.
Manual on Municipal Solid DR. S.R. SHUKLA, Adviser To assist the personnel involved
Waste Management. (PHEE) C.P.H.E.E.O, in managing the solid waste
Ministry of Urban generated in the cities/towns of
Development, Government of the country.
India- May, 2000, New Delhi.
PAPER AUTHOR SUMMARY
Municipal Solid Waste Management Daisy Das, Dept. of Economics, An attempt has been made in this
study in Guwahati. North Eastern Hill University, article to examine people's willingness
Shillong-793022, Meghalaya. pay to solve the problem.

Municipal Solid Waste Management Kuldeep Kaushik, Abhinav The paper critically analyzes a case
and energy recovered from it- A case Bhattacharyya, Student, Department study of solid waste management plant
study of Guwahati, Assam. of Civil Engineering, Assam in west Boragaon area of Guwahati
Engineering College. city, its expenditure and benefits reaped
from the solid waste management
system and its future scopes in our
country.
Urban Solid Waste and Health Mahfuza Rahman, Associate This study has been made in the light of
Implications in Guwahati, Assam Professor, Cotton College, the fact that we all affect the
India. Guwahati. environmental health, through our
individual and collective decision. In
this research paper an attempt has been
made to show the vulnerable pockets
within the city, through a series of
maps.
Generation of waste Treatment

Waste minimization Landfill disposal

Waste removal Environmental considerations

Waste transportation Financial and marketing aspects

Waste treatment Policy and regulations

Recycling and reuse Education and training

Storage, collection, transport, and transfer Planning and implementation

 Recycling
Composting
Landfilling
Waste-to-energy

Waste generation
Waste handling and sorting, storage and processing at the source
Collection
Sorting, processing and transformation
Transfer and transport
Disposal

Reducing and eliminating adverse impacts of waste materials on human health and
environment to support economic development and superior quality of life.
Reduce the public health impacts due to improper solid waste management.
To increase the recovery of materials and energy from used solids, by means of
recycling, composting, waste-to-energy, and, sanitary landfilling with landfill gas
utilization.
 Household waste is generally classified as municipal waste.
Industrial waste as hazardous waste .
Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste.

Figure - Municipal Solid Waste Figure Hazardous Waste Figure - Hospital Waste
 They reduce or prevent green house gas emissions.
They reduce the release of pollutants.
They help in conserving the resources.
They help in saving energy.
They reduce the demand for waste treatment technology and landfill space.
A. Thermal Treatment Pictures
a) Incineration - Combustion of waste
material in the presence of oxygen.

b) Gasification - Decompose organic

waste materials by allowing very low
amount of oxygen in the process.

c) Pyrolysis - It uses absolutely no

oxygen.

d) Open Burning Burning waste

materials in a way that causes smoke
to be released into the open air
directly.
B. Dumps and Landfills Pictures
a) Sanitary landfills - Designed to greatly
reduce or eliminate the risks posed to
the public health and environment.

b) Controlled dumps Disposal sites that

have a planned capacity but no cell
planning.

c) Bioreactor Landfills - Uses enhanced

microbiological processes to
accelerate the decomposition of
waste.
C. Biological Waste Treatment Pictures
a) Composting Controlled aerobic
decomposition of organic matter by
the action of micro organisms and
small invertebrates.

b) Anaerobic Digestion Uses biological

processes to decompose organic
waste.
Vermicomposting is a simple biotechnological process of composting, in
which certain species of earthworms are used to enhance the process of
waste conversion and produce a better end product.

Figure a- Plastic sheet below the Figure b- Layer of raw material

ring placed on polythene sheet
Figure c- Rock phosphate powder Figure d- Cow dung slurry
sprinkled on organic matter

Figure e- Cement ring sealed Figure f- Earthworms are

with cow dung released near cracks
 Biogas means mixture of gases produced
by the breakdown of organic matter in the
absence of oxygen.
Produced by anaerobic digestion with
anaerobic bacteria or fermentation of
biodegradable materials such
as manure, sewage, municipal waste, green
waste, plant material, and crops.
Primarily methane and carbon
dioxide and may have small amounts
of hydrogen sulphide and moisture.
Anaerobic digester that
produces biogas from animal wastes or
energy crops.
Bacteria within the digester tank breaks
down the waste and, as it decomposes, gases Figure - Biogas Plant
such as carbon monoxide, methane,
hydrogen, and nitrogen, are released.
 ISWM takes an overall approach to creating sustainable systems that are
economically affordable, socially acceptable and environmentally effective.
System involves the use of a range of different treatment methods, and key to
the functioning of such a system is the collection and sorting of the waste.

Figure - Elements of Integrated Solid Waste Management

 Ground water contamination by the leachate generated by the waste dump.
Surface water contamination by the run-off from the waste dump .
Bad odour, pests, rodents and wind-blown litter in and around the waste
dump.
Generation of inflammable gas (e.g. methane) within the waste dump.
Bird menace above the waste dump which affects flight of aircraft.
Fires within the waste dump.
Erosion and stability problems relating to slopes of the waste dump.
Epidemics through stray animals.
Acidity to surrounding soil.
Release of green house gas.
STUDY AREA
Guwahati - Capital city of Assam and Gateway to the North-east.
Geographical location of Guwahati city - 265 N to 2612 N latitude and 9134 E to
9154 E longitude).
Population 12 lac (including floating population).
216.67 sq. Km is covered under GMC area.
2.5 lac Households in GMC area.

Figure - An aerial view of Guwahati City

During the study, various solid waste types are collected and differentiated as
biodegradable, plastic, glass and metal waste and accordingly compiled the total
generation; which is contributing as 57%, 1%, 14% and 28% respectably in the total
waste generation scenario.

Figure - Pie- chart of the generation of different Solid waste types in the Guwahati city.
SL SOURCE UNIT GENERATE/DAY TOTAL WASTE ,TONS/DAY
NO.
1 Domestic Sources 2.66 kg/household 490.64

2 Markets 3.0 kg/unit 4.72

3 Commercial 1.62 kg/unit 62.97

Establishments
4 Hotels & Restaurants 83.89 kg/unit 11.4

5 Schools and Institutions 2.5 kg/unit 2.5

6 Street Sweeping and - 48.00

Drain Cleanings

7 Others - 6.61

8 Total waste generated, - 626.84

tons/day
 Recyclable plastic (RP) - Plastic carry bags, glasses, bottles, etc.
Non-recyclable plastic (NRP) - Multi layered plastic pouch pack, package,
Aluminum foil, etc.

Figure - The proportion of RP and NRP in the roadside drain (in kg per 5 kg of sample)
Present scenario of solid waste with special reference to plastic and other non-
biodegradable solid waste and its management for the sustainable urban poor
development in Guwahati city, Assam, India by Amarjyoti, Jatin, Sarbeswar and
Kripaljyoti .
Present scenario of solid waste with special reference to plastic and other non-
biodegradable solid waste and its management for the sustainable urban poor
development in Guwahati city, Assam, India by Amarjyoti, Jatin, Sarbeswar
and Kripaljyoti .
A.YEAR 2006-2007
Guwahati Municipal Corporation (GMC) is the only authority for the entire solid waste
management of Guwahati.
Status of Municipal Solid Waste Management

SL. NO. PARAMETER DESCRIPTION

1 Total no. of wards 60

2 Total no. of dustbin 260
3 Total collection of solid waste 3,00,000 kg
4 Total no. of workers 700
5 Total no. of Carriers(Truck) 46
6 Expenditure for carrier 19 lakhs
7 Expenditure on bioremediation 1.5 lakhs

8 Place of landfill Sasal and Pachim Boragaon

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE GENERATED FROM GUWAHATI CITY
AND FEASIBILITY SOLUTIONS FOR ITS MANAGEMENT by Dr. Ajay
Kalamdhad, IIT Guwahati
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE GENERATED FROM GUWAHATI CITY
AND FEASIBILITY SOLUTIONS FOR ITS MANAGEMENT by Dr.Ajay Kalamdhad,
IIT Guwahati
B.YEAR-2007-2008
Pilot Project of Integrated Solid Waste Management in Guwahati under JNNURM.
Under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, a pilot project of
integrated solid waste collection programme was conducted in ward No.33, 34, 35, 37
and 38 of Guwahati city.
The scope of integrated waste collection system were includes door-to-door
segregated solid waste collection, street sweeping and drain cleaning activities in the
selected area.

C.YEAR-2008-2010
Integrated Solid Waste Management Project in Guwahati under JNNURM
After the study following salient features of the project are observed
The Government of Assam has allotted 120 bighas of land at West Boragaon to
Guwahati Municipal Corporation for solid Waste Management Project.
The Project will operate under the Public Private Partnership (PPP) model.
It is housed in Guwahati Waste Management Company Private Limited (GWMCPL).
It involves initially as many as 11 NGOs for all the 60 wards of the city.
 SL. NO. NAME NUMBERS

1. NGOs 17

2. Cart Puller 550

3. NGOs Super Visors 60

4. Drivers 86

5. Super Visors 12

6. Head Super Visors 02

D.YEAR-2009-2010
From 1st December,2009 a pilot project on door to door collection of non-
biodegradable solid waste is operating by an NGO as sponsored by the Guwahati
Municipal Corporation .
Major objective of the project is to develop the concept of source segregation
of biodegradable and non biodegradable solid waste.
PARAMETER DESCRIPTION

Ward 55 & 59

Activities Door to door collection of segregated non-

biodegradable solid waste

Equipments Specially designed Tri Cycle 2 Nos.

No. of waste collectors 02

Duration Continuing as a self sustainable project

SL NO. ACTIVITY TIME SCHEDULE
1 Daily Door to Door collection of MSW 6 am to 8 am
from Various Households and commercial 5 pm to 9 pm
establishments
2 Daily Street Sweeping
Lanes Arterial Road and Sub-Arterial
roads, markets, other than specified. Daily
Footpaths, public places
3 Markets 5:30 am to 11:30 am
2 pm to 5 pm
4 Night sweeping for Selected roads/Areas After 8 pm
SITE LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION-
The Boragaon area site has been earmarked by the Government of Assam for
the MSW disposal.
The proposed site is 12 kms away from city centre.
Variable topography is observed in the area.
The coordinates of the proposed site are:
Latitude: 26 06.872 N
Longitude: 9140.896 E
Site Elevation: 46.9m above MSL

ACTIVITIES TAKING PLACE IN WEST BORAGAON-

Landfilling
Segregation
Open Burning
Recycling
Generation of artificial manure
 After facing public protest for making Sasal a permanent garbage dumping site,
along the VIP Road between Six Mile and Narengi army cantonment, the Gauhati
Municipal Corporation (GMC) has started scouting for three fresh sites.
The R.G. Baruah College at Fatasil Ambari to use the vacant low-lying college
field as the new site for dumping garbage. And other two sites are yet to be
selected. (April 25,2004-The Telegraph).
The Guwahati Municipal Corporation's ambitious Rs-16 crore solid waste
management project is likely to run aground for want of a suitable plot within its
jurisdiction( November 3,2004-The Telegraph)
Due to the protests from the local residents of the Lokhra, the site has to be
shifted to Sasal near the express highway which will also cause problem in the
form of water logging.
The Guwahati Municipal Corporation (GMC) has shifted its garbage disposal
site to Garchuk from Sasal following intense public pressure(September 2,
2006).
A team of the Pollution Control Board, Assam (PCBA) that visited the
Garchuk site on August 25 to witness the dumping of garbage in gross violation
of environmental norms by the GMC.
The decision of the GMC was made in response of a Gauhati High Court
order directing the Corporation to shift its dumping site from Sasal by July 7
following a controversy. The new site now chosen is Boragaon which is an
integral part of the wetland and dumping began here from July 7.

Waste disposal process at West Boragaon opposed.

GMC dump blamed for fish deaths in Deepor Beel.
Flash flood, water logging to worsen.
Municipal solid waste disposal: a case study in Guwahati city to
mitigate the man made disaster by Dr. Lakhimi Gogoi
DESIGNATION OF THE FOLLOWING -
System improvement.
Timing and priorities of intended action.
Who should act (i.e. agency, department).
Estimated costs.
Problems that will be solved.
PROCEDURES FOR ACCOMPLISHMENT AND A SCHEDULE OF INITIATION OF
THIS ACTION
Establishment of solid waste management operating departments and identifying its
jurisdictions.
Recruitment, selection and hiring of solid waste management operating personnel.
Human resources development programme.
Technical assistance to operating units.
Provisions for inspection and enforcement.
Licensing of facilities.
Framing legislation, amendments to rules and regulations.
Development of budgeting procedures, financing, cost-effectiveness, special charge
features and other operating management features.
 Solid waste is a problem that must be properly managed otherwise its ill effects may
cause harmful problems to both human health and the natural environment.

Solid waste management in India is an emerging and engaging area of study. Solid
waste should be managed through a number of activitieswaste prevention, recycling,
composting, controlled burning, or landfilling .

Our project which is conducted on solid waste management in Guwahati city enabled
us to learn about the management procedures and the techniques used in Guwahati for
managing the citys solid waste.

In Guwahati, there are no recycling units in the vicinity of the dumping ground and the
recycling business is running in an unorganized manner.

Due to the lack of willingness and lack of awareness about the ill effects of solid waste
management among the citizens of Guwahati, many planned projects which have been
proposed by the government has been put to hold leading to unscientific and
unmanageable technique of solid waste management.
 URBAN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF GUWAHATI CITY IN NORTH-EAST INDIA
Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment report for Integrated Municipal Solid Waste
Management Project at Boragaon site Guwahati, Assam by - Guwahati Waste
Management Company Private Limited (GWMCPL) - February 2008.
Solid Waste Management in Guwahati city by - Kavitha Padmanabhan, IAS,
Commissioner, Guwahati Municipal Corporation.
Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management by - DR. S.R. SHUKLA, Adviser (PHEE)
C.P.H.E.E.O, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India- May, 2000, New
Delhi.
http://recycling.about.com/od/Solid-Waste-Management/
http://swapsushias.blogspot.in/2010/12/solid-waste-management-in
india.html#.VDqULGeSwsA
http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-solid-waste-management.htm
http://recycling.about.com/od/Solid-Waste-Management/fl/An-Introduction-to-Solid-
Waste-Management.htm
 http://recycling.about.com/od/Solid-Waste-Management/fl/Waste-Treatment-and-
Disposal-Methods.htm
http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8732.html
http://www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-vii/environmental-pollution-control/item/514-solid-
waste-management-and-recycling
http://www.epa.gov/wastes/nonhaz/municipal/dmg2/
Municipal Solid Waste Management study in Guwahati by - Daisy Das, Dept. of
Economics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, Meghalaya.
Municipal Solid Waste Management and energy recovered from it- A case study of
Guwahati, Assam by - Kuldeep Kaushik, Abhinav Bhattacharyya, Student, Department
of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College.
Urban Solid Waste and Health Implications in Guwahati, Assam India by - Mahfuza
Rahman, Associate Professor, Cotton College, Guwahati.
Environmental audit of Municipal Solid Waste Management by - T.V. Ramachandra
and Shruthi Bachamanda, Energy and Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological
Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.
 Residual effect of garbage disposal site in Guwahati, Assam by - Bijoya Choudhury
& Amalesh Dutta, Department of Zoology, Gauhati University.
Municipal solid waste disposal: a case study in Guwahati city to mitigate the man-
made disaster by - Dr. Lakhimi Gogoi Geography Department, Narangi Anchalik
Mahavidyalaya, Assam, India.
Analysis of municipal solid waste and its management practice by - A J Kashyap,
Jatin Kalita and Sarbeshwar Kalita, Gauhati University.
Present scenario of solid waste with special reference to plastic and other non-
biodegradable solid waste and its management for the sustainable urban poor
development in Guwahati city, Assam, India by - Amarjyoti Kashyap, Jatin Kalita,
Sarbeshwar Kalita and Kripaljyoti Mazumdar, Gauhati University.
Characteristics of solid waste generated from Guwahati city and feasibility solution
for its management by - Dr. Ajay Kalamdhad, Assistant professor, Department of
Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati.
Improvised segregation of recyclable materials in Guwahati City, India by - Pradip
Baishya1 and Dimbendra Kumar Mahanta, Mechanical Engineering Department,
Assam Engineering College, Guwahati, India.