METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATE

Harliansyah, PhD

Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Medicine
University of Yarsi
Jakarta, 2011
Tibtech. 28(1). 2008
Metabolism
Metabolism is all the biochemical reactions by which
food is transformed into energy store (ATP) and by which
our bodies require to function, including anabolism and
catabolism.
Catabolic reactions breakdown complex organic
compounds:
- providing energy (exergonic)
- Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Electron transport
Anabolic reactions synthesize complex molecules from
small molecules:
- requiring energy (endergonic)
Exchange of energy requires use of ATP molecule.
Integration of metabolism is essential on both
short-term and long-term bases

Short-term : maintenance of a stable blood glucose level ( 2.5-3 mmol/s for brain function)

Blood sugar, Glucose is not an inert and gentle component of our diet.
Glucose is Toxic !

Long-term : High blood levels of glucose lead to protein denaturation and the development
of blindness, neuropathy and the kidney damage seen in diabetes.

High blood sugar levels lead to increased circulating triglycerides and are
responsible for development of cardiovascular disease.

Again, integration of metabolism and control by hormones and metabolites,

normally prevent these adverse effects of sugar.
Energy coupling by phosphate transfer
ATP
Sources of ATP
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Oxidative Level Phosphorylation
Review of ATP Production
Anabolism
Catabolism
Maintenance of glucose homeostasis

Body cells
Insulin take up more
Beta cells of glucose.
pancreas are stimulated
to release insulin
into the blood.
Liver takes
up glucose
and stores it
as glycogen.
STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level
Rising blood glucose
declines to set point;
level (for instance, after
stimulus for insulin
eating a carbohydrate-
release diminishes.
rich meal)

Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL)

Blood glucose level STIMULUS:

rises to set point; Dropping blood glucose
stimulus for glucagon level (for instance, after
release diminishes. skipping a meal)

Alpha cells of pancreas

are stimulated to release
Liver breaks glucagon into the blood.
down glycogen
and releases
glucose into Glucagon
blood.
 GLYCOLYSIS
The specific pathway by which the body
gets energy from monosaccharides
First stage is ACTIVATION
At the expense of 2ATPs glucose is
phosphorylated
Step #1
formation of glucose-6-phosphate
Step # 2
isomerization to fructose-6-phosphate
Step # 3
Second phosphate group is attached to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Second stage is C6 to 2 molecules of C3

Step # 4
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is broken down into two C3 fragments
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G-3-P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
(DHAP)

Only G-3-P is oxidized in glycolysis. DHAP is converted to G-3-P as the

latter diminishes.
 ATP-YIELDING Third stage
Step # 5
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate; hydrogen
of aldehyde is removed by NAD+

Step # 6
Phosphate from the carboxyl group is transferred to the ADP yielding ATP and
3-phosphoglycerate

Step # 7
Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
Step # 8
Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Step # 9
Removal of the remaining phosphate to yield ATP and pyruvate

Step # 10
Reductive decarboxylation of pyruvate to produce ethanol and CO2
 REACTIONS OF GLYCOLYSIS
STEP REACTION ENZYME REACTION G in
TYPE kJ/mol

1 Glucose + ATP Hexokinase Phosphoryl -33.5

transfer
G-6-P + ADP + H+

2 G-6-P F-6-P Phosphoglucose Isomerization -2.5

isomerase

3 F-6-P + ATP Phosphofructo- Phosphoryl -22.2

kinase transfer
F-1,6-BP + ADP + H+
STEP REACTION ENZYME REACTION TYPE G in
kJ/
mol
4 F-1,6-BP DHAP + GAP Aldolase Aldol cleavage -1.3

5 DHAP GAP Triose Isomerization +2.5

phosphate
isomerase
6 GAP + Pi + NAD+ Glyceraldehyde Phosphorylation +2.5
1,3-BPG + NADH + H+ -3-Phosphate coupled to
Dehydrogenase oxidation
7 1,3-BPG + ADP Phosphoglycer- Phosphoryl +1.3
3-phosphoglycerate +ATP ate kinase transfer

8 3-phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyce- Phosphoryl shift +0.8

2-phosphoglycerate rate mutase

9 2-phosphoglycerate Enolase Dehydration -3.3

PEP + HOH

10 PEP + ADP + H+ pyruvate + ATP Pyruvate kinase Phosphoryl -16.7

transfer
Thanks for you
attention