1.

INTRODUCTION
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that
extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and
converts it into rotary motion. Its modern
manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in
1884.
A machine for generating mechanical power in
rotary motion from the energy of steam at
temperature and pressure above that of an available
sink. By far the most widely used and most powerful
turbines are those driven by steam.
2.PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION AND DESIGN
A steam turbine basically has a mechanical side,
and an electrical side to it.
The mechanical components include the moving
parts (mechanical), such as the rotor, the moving
blades, the fixed blades, and stop valves,
while the electrical side consists of the generator
and other electrical components to actually convert
the energy into a usable, easilytransferableform.
In reciprocating steam engine, the pressure of
energy of steam is used to overcome external
resistance and dynamic action of the steam is
negligibly small.
Steam engine may be return by using the full
pressure without any expansion or drop of
 3.How Does A Steam Turbine Works
A steam turbine, as we see from its name, uses steam to rotate
its blades.
The rotary motion of the blades is used to rotate the armature
of the generator, and the movement of the armature in a
magnetic field results in the production of a current
(electricity) in the armature!
the multiple flow steam turbines, the reaction steam turbine,
the impulse-reaction steam turbine, and the impulse turbine.
It has been the object of research and interest of many
engineers and scientists like De Laval, Parson, and Curtis.
Heat energy from a coal thermal power plant or a nuclear
power plant is used to boil water, and convert it into steam at
high pressure. This high pressure steam is directed to the
turbine blade thus causing the blade to rotate!
4.Steam Turbine Parts

Blades:-
-The primary component that goes into a steam
turbine is its blades.
-The blades are designed in such a way as to
produce maximum rotational energy by
directing the flow of the steam along its
surface.
-The blades may be of stationary or fixed and
rotaryor moving or types.
 Shafts:-The shaft is a power transmitting device and is
used to transmit the rotational movement of the blades
connected to it at one end via the rotor to the coupling, speed
reducer or gear at the other end.

Outer Casing:-The steam turbine is surrounded by

housing or an outer casing which contains the turbine and
protects the device components from external influence and
damage. It may also support the bearings on which the shafts
rest to provide rigidity to the shaft. Usually split at the center
horizontally.
 Governor:-The governor is a device used to regulate and
control or govern the output of the steam turbine. This is
done by means of control valves which control the steam
flow into the turbine in the first place.
Pipes:-The pipe is an all important steam turbine
component that brings the steam from the boiler to the
turbine. This has to be done without an appreciable loss in
pressure, and at the same time, must be able to withstand
all these pressures safely. Deposits on the inner surface of
the steam pipe reduce the net steam flow area, throwing
forth a negative effect on the efficiency.
 5.Classification of Steam Turbine

On the basis of Stage Design:

-Impulse Turbine
-Reaction Turbine
On the Basis of the Arrangement of its Main Shaft:
-Single housing (casing)
-Tandem compound (two or more housings, with shafts that are coupled in
line with each other)
-Cross compound turbines (the shafts here are not in line).
On the Basis of Supply of Steam and Steam Exhaust
Condition:
-Condensing
-Non Condensing
-Controlled or Automatic extraction type
-Reheat (the steam is bypassed at an intermediate level, reheated and
sent again)
-Mixed pressure steam turbines (they have more than one source of
steam at different pressures).
On the basis of Direction of Steam Flow:
-Axial
-Radial or tangential flow steam turbines.
On the Basis of Steam Supply:
-Superheated steam turbine
-Saturated steam turbine.
 6.Basic Types of Turbine
The two most basic and fundamental types of steam turbines are the impulse
turbine and the impulse reaction turbine.
IMPULSE TURBINE:-
The impulse turbine consists of a set of stationary blades followed by a set of
rotor blades which rotate to produce the rotary power.
The high pressure steam flows through the fixed blades, which are nothing but
nozzles, and undergo a decrease in pressure energy, which is converted to
kinetic energy to give the steam high velocity levels.
This high velocity steam strikes the moving blades or rotor and causes them to
rotate. The fixed blades do not completely convert all the pressure energy of
the steam to kinetic energy, hence there is some residual pressure energy
associated with the steam on exit.
How Does An Impulse Turbine Work?
The impulse turbine was one of the basic steam turbines. It involved striking of
the blades by a stream or a jet of high pressure steam, which caused the blades
of the turbine to rotate. The direction of the jet was perpendicular to the axis of
the blade.
It was realized that the impulse turbine was not very efficient and required high
pressures, which is also quite difficult to maintain. The impulse turbine has nozzles
that are fixed to convert the steam to high pressure steam before letting it strike
the blades.
 REACTION TURBINE:-
The reaction turbine is a turbine that makes use of both the impulse and the
reaction of the steam to produce the rotary effect on the rotors. The moving
blades or the rotors here are also nozzle shaped (They are aerodynamically
designed for this) and hence there is a drop in pressure while moving
through the rotor as well. Therefore in this turbine the pressure drops occur
not only in the fixed blades, but a further pressure drop occurs in the rotor
stage as well.
How REACTION TURBINE works?
In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form
convergent nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force
produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor.
Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. It leaves
the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam
then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the
blades.
 A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating
through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in steam
velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting
the work performed in the driving of the rotor.
.
7.Steam Turbine Application
Steam turbines are devices which convert the energy stored in steam
into rotational mechanical energy. These machines are widely used for
the generation of electricity in a number of different cycles, such as:
Rankin cycle
Reheat cycle
Regenerative cycle
Combined cycle
Applications for utility Steam Turbines are applied for control of
straight condensing, reheat and non-reheat steam turbines up to
300MW. These upgrades may include integrated generator
control for generator protection and excitation/ AVR upgrades,
utilizing the latest commonly available industry-standard digital
equipment.