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FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MACHINE DESIGN PROJECT II
POWER TRAINS
T=WR
Where, W- axial load applied
-Coefficient of friction
T- torque transmitted
R- effective mean radius of friction surface
Working of a clutch
1. Friction Clutches:
a. Single plate clutch
b. Multi plate clutch----i)Wet ii)Dry
c. Cone clutch---i)External ii) Internal
2. Centrifugal Clutch
3. Semi-centrifugal clutch
4. Conical spring clutch or diaphragm clutch
a. Tapered finger type
b. Crown spring type
5. Positive ClutchDog and spline clutch
6.Hydraulic clutch
7.Electro magnetic clutch
8.Vaccum clutch
9. Over running clutch or free wheel clutch
Single Plate Clutch
Working
It has only one clutch plate mounted on the splines of clutch shaft.
Pressure plate is bolted to the flywheel through clutch springs and is
free to slide on the clutch shaft when the clutch pedal is operated.
When the clutch pedal is pressed, the pressure plate moves back
against the force of the springs and clutch plate becomes free
between the flywheel and the pressure plate.
Thus, the flywheel remains rotating as long as the engine is running
and the clutch shaft speed reduces slowly and finally stops rotating.
As soon as the pedal is pressed, clutch is said to be disengaged
otherwise it remains engaged due to spring forces.
Used in Ford V8 truck, Tata trucks, Premier President, Hindustan
Ambassador, Bajaj Matador, Mahindra Jeep
Cover assembly of single plate clutch
Multiplate Clutch
Working
The centrifugal clutch uses centrifugal force instead of spring force for
keeping it in the engaged position. Also it does not require clutch pedal to
operate it.
The clutch is operated automatically depending upon the engine speed. The
engine can be stopped in gear without stalling the engine.
Similarly vehicle can be started in any gear pressing the accelerator pedal.
It consists of weight A pivoted at B. When the engine speed increases the
weights fly off due to the centrifugal force, operating the bell crank lever P
which presses the plate C.
The movement of the plate C presses the spring E Which ultimately presses
the clutch plate D on the flywheel against spring G. This makes the Clutch
engaged.
The spring G keeps the clutch disengaged at low speeds at about 500 rpm.
Stop H limits the movement of the weights due to the centrifugal force.
Semi-Centrifugal clutch
Clutch operation methods
Mechanically
Electromagnetic operation
Hydraulic operation
Vacuum operation
Clutch by wire
Cont
Electromagnetic clutch
Hydraulically operated single plate clutch
Vacuum operation clutch
Clutch by wire
In this system there is no mechanical link between the
clutch and the pedal
The clutch pedal is electronically controlled by means of
an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and an actuator
A sensor on the pedal measures its exact position which
is transmitted to ECU
Information about the cars behavior from other sensors
is also transmitted to ECU, which then operates the
clutch through the actuator
Advantages are improved drive ability, better pedal
feel and less wear due to absence of mechanical
linkage
Wet clutch
Cont
T= 2 /3 W(ro3-ri3)/(ro2-ri2)
T= WR
Effective Mean Radius R=2/3(ro3-ri3)/(ro2-ri2)
Cont
Uniform Rate of Wear: Pr= constant
Axial load on clutch W= 2Pr(ro -ri)
Torque Transmitted
T= W(ro+ri)/2
T= WR
Effective Mean Radius R= (ro+ri)/2
T=2WR
Problem-1
The engine of a car employing a single plate friction
clutch develops maximum torque of 150Nm. External
diameter of the clutch plate is 1.2 times its internal
diameter. Determine the dimensions of the clutch plate
and the axial force provided by the springs. The
maximum allowable pressure intensity for the clutch
facings is 100KPa and coefficient of friction is 0.3.
Assume uniform wear.
Problem-2
An automobile clutch has a clutch plate of 160mm
inside and 240 mm outside diameter. Six springs in
the clutch provide a total force of 4.8KN, when the
clutch is new and each spring is compressed 5 mm. the
maximum torque developed by the automobile engine
is 250 Nm. Determine
i. Factor of safety for the new clutch and
ii. The amount of wear of the clutch facing that will
take place before the clutch starts slipping.
Assume coefficient of friction for the facing is 0.3
Problem-3
Determine the size of the clutch plate suitable for an
Ambassador car employing a single plate type of
friction clutch and developing 37.5 KW at 4200rpm.
The inside diameter of the clutch plate is 0.6 times its
outside diameter and it is to be ensured that even
after a loss of 30% of the engine torque due to wear
of the clutch facing, the clutch does not slip. The
intensity of pressure on the facing is not to exceed
70kPa. Assume =0.3
Problem-4
Single plate friction clutch is to be designed for an Ashok
Leyland bus developing 80.85 kW at 2400 rpm. The
maximum torque developed however is 376 Nm at 1600
rpm. A maximum wear of clutch facing of 3 mm is to be
allowed, when the clutch must transmit at least 25%
excess torque. A pressure intensity of 190kPa can be
safely allowed and ratio Inside dia/ outside dia= 0.6 is
considered reasonable.
a) Calculate clutch plate dimensions
b) If 9 springs are used and initial spring force is to be
1.2 times the spring force after allowable wear of 3
mm, find out the spring stiffness. Assume =0.35.
Design details of Multi plate clutch