Brain Structure and Function

Basjiruddin A
Department of Neurology
Medical faculty- University of andalas
2017

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Structural Units & Overall Organization
of the Brain
The central portion of the nervous system
consist of the brain and the elongated spinal
cord (fig 1-2)
The brain can be subdivided into the
cerebrum, the brainstem, and the cerebellum
The cerebrum (forebrain) consist of the
telenchepalon and the dienchepalon

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 The telencephalon includes the cerebral
cortex called gray matter

Subcortical : white matter, and the basal

ganglia, which are gray masses deep within
the cerebral hemisphere, not contained
neuronal cell bodies or synapses

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 The white matter consist of myelinated fibers
The major sub division of the dienchepalon are
the thalamus and hypothalamus
The brainstem consist of the midbrain,
(mesenchepalon) pons, and medulla oblongata
The cerebellum includes the vermis and two
lateral lobes
The brain which is hollow, contains a system of
spaces call ventricles

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 Hemisfer Cerebrum/Telensefalon
Anatomi Hemisfer Serebrum
Kedua hemisfer merupakan bagian terbesar
otak
Sulkus dan Fisura Utama:
Permukaan hemisfer serebrumengandung
banyakb fisura dan sulkus yang memisahkan
lobus frontalis, pareitalis, oksipitalis, dan
temporalis dari satu sama lain dan dari insula
Sulkus sentralis memisahkan lobus frontalis
dari lobus parietalis
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 Bagian dari korpus kalosum berbentuk busur;
Bagian anterior melengkung, menghubungkan
hemisfer kiri dan hemisfer kanan
Lobus frontalis ,membentang dari kutub
frontal ke sulkus sentralis
Lobus parietalis membentang dari sulkus
sentralis ke fissura parieto okipitalis
Lobus oksipitalis yang berbentuk limas
terletak di belakang fisura parieto-oksipitalis

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 The Brain
Brainstem
the central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it
enters the skull
responsible for automatic survival functions
Medulla
base of the brainstem
controls heartbeat and breathing
Brainstem, controls for heartbeat and breathingswell is called the medulla.
Vital Functions :
Breathing
Blood circulation
Swallowing
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Urination
 Parts of the Brain

THALAMUS
Relays
messages
amygdala
hippocampus

pituitary

CEREBELLUM
Coordination
and balance
BRAINSTEM Heart
rate and breathing 11
 Reticular Formation
Widespread connections
Arousal of the brain as a whole
Reticular activating system (RAS)
Maintains consciousness and
alertness
Functions in sleep and arousal
from sleep

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 The Cerebellum

Helps:
coordinate
voluntary
movement and
balance

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 The Limbic System
Hypothalamus, pituitary,
amygdala, and hippocampus all
deal with basic drives,
emotions, and memory

Hippocampus Memory
processing

Amygdala Aggression (fight)

and fear (flight)

Hypothalamus Hunger, thirst,

body temperature, pleasure;
regulates pituitary gland
(hormones)
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 The Limbic System
Hypothalamus
neural structure lying
below (hypo) the thalamus;
directs several
maintenance activities
eating
drinking
body temperature
helps govern the endocrine
system via the pituitary
gland
linked to emotion
(show video) 15
 The Limbic System
Amygdala
two almond-shaped
neural clusters that
are components of
the limbic system
and are linked to
emotion and fear

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 The Brain
Thalamus
he brains sensory
switchboard, located on top of
the brainstem
it directs messages to the
sensory receiving areas in the
cortex and transmits replies to
the cerebellum and medulla
Mengirim input ke area kortek
yang mengurus sensorik dan
menghantarkan jawabannya
ke cerebellum dan medula
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 The Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
the bodys
ultimate control
and information
processing center

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The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

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The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

Planning, decision Sensory

making speech

Vision
Auditory

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 The Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobes
involved in speaking and muscle
movements and in making plans
and judgments
the executive
Pelaksanaan
Parietal Lobes
include the sensory cortex
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 The Cerebral Cortex
visualOccipital Lobes
include the areas, which receive visual
information from the opposite visual
field
Temporal Lobes
include the auditory areas, each of
which receives auditory information
primarily from the opposite ear

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 The Cerebral Cortex

Frontal (Forehead to top) Motor Cortex

Parietal (Top to rear) Sensory Cortex
Occipital (Back) Visual Cortex
Temporal (Above ears) Auditory Cortex
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 Motor/Sensory Cortex

Contralateral
Homunculus
Unequal
representation

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Sensory Areas Sensory Homunculus

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Figure 13.10
 The Cerebral Cortex
Aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left
hemisphere damage either to Brocas area (impairing
speaking) or to Wernickes area (impairing
understanding) see clips
Brocas Area
an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle
movements involved in speech
Wernickes Area
an area of the left temporal lobe involved in language
comprehension and expression
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 Language Areas

Broca
Expression
Wernicke
Comprehensiona
nd reception
Aphasias
LEFT HEMISPHERE

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 Techniques to examine functions
of the brain

1. Remove part of
the brain & see
what effect it has
on behavior

2. Examine humans
who have suffered
brain damage
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3. Stimulate the
brain

4. Record brain
activity

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 Our Divided Brains
Corpus collosum
large bundle of
neural fibers
(myelinated axons,
or white matter)
connecting the two
hemispheres

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 Hemispheric Specialization
LEFT RIGHT
Spatial perception
Symbolic thinking Overall picture
(Language) Context, metaphor
Detail Pengertian,Ungkapa
Literal meaning n yang berlainan
dengan arti yang
sebenarnya:
The boss is a tiger
when he is angry
Seni, mata, suara
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Contra-lateral division of
labor

Right hemisphere
controls left side of body
and visual field

Left hemisphere controls

right side of body and
visual field

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 Split Brain Patients
Epileptic patients had corpus callosum cut to
reduce seizures in the brain
Lives largely unaffected, seizures reduced
Affected abilities related to naming objects in
the left visual field

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 Brain Plasticity
Brain ability to recognize by forming
new neural connection throughout life
based on new experiences
Neuroplasticity: Giving neurons in the
brain compensate for injury and disease
and to adjust their activities in respons
to new situation or to changes in the
environments
Persistent functional changes in the
brain represent new knowledge
Age dependent component
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Environmental influences on
neuroplasticity

Impoverished environment

Enriched environment
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 Sensation
The process by which the central nervous
system receives input from the
environment via sensory neurons
Bottom up processing

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 Perception
The process by which the brain interprets
and organizes sensory information
Top-down processing

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 The psychophysics of sensation

Absolute threshold the minimum stimulation

needed to detect a stimulus with 50% accuracy
Subliminal stimulation below the absolute
threshold for conscious awareness
May affect behavior without conscious
awareness
Sensory adaptation/habituation diminished
sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

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 The five major senses
Vision electromagnetic
Occipital lobe
Hearing mechanical
Temporal lobe
Touch mechanical
Sensory cortex
Taste chemical
Gustatory insular cortex
Smell chemical
Olfactory bulb
Orbitofrontal cortex
Vomeronasal organ?
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 The sixth sense
And the seventhand eighthand ninth

Vestibular balance and motion

Inner ear
Proprioceptive relative position of body parts
Parietal lobe
Temperature heat
Thermoreceptors throughout the body, sensory cortex
Nociception pain
Nociceptors throughout the body, sensory cortex

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Thresholds of the five major senses

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