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Anatomy
1
Heart Anatomy
Figure
3
18.1
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
Coverings of the Heart: Anatomy
Pericardium a double-walled sac around the
heart composed of:
1. A superficial fibrous pericardium
2. A deep two-layer serous pericardium
a. The parietal layer lines the internal surface of
the fibrous pericardium
b. The visceral layer or epicardium lines the
surface of the heart
They are separated by the fluid-filled
pericardial cavity
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 4
Coverings of the Heart: Physiology
Figure
6
18.2
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
Heart Wall
Figure
10
18.4b
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
External Heart: Major Vessels of the Heart
(Posterior View)
Figure
14
18.4e
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
Atria of the Heart
Figure
22
18.5
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
Coronary Circulation
Figure2818.8a, b
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
Heart Valves
Figure2918.8c, d
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
Atrioventricular Valve Function
Figure
30
18.9
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
Semilunar Valve Function
Figure
31
18.10
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
Mitral Valve Prolapse
InterActive Physiology:
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Cardiovascular System: Anatomy Review: The Heart
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 33
Microscopic Anatomy of Heart Muscle
Heart muscle:
Is stimulated by nerves and is self-excitable
(automaticity)
Contracts as a unit
Has a long (250 ms) absolute refractory period
Autorhythmic cells:
Initiate action potentials
Have unstable resting potentials called pacemaker
potentials
Use calcium influx (rather than sodium) for rising
phase of the action potential
Figure
42
18.17
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
Extrinsic Innervation of the Heart
Heart is stimulated
by the sympathetic
cardioacceleratory
center
Heart is inhibited by
the parasympathetic
cardioinhibitory
center
Figure
45
18.16
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
Heart Sounds
Figure
51
18.20
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
Cardiac Output (CO) and Reserve
Sympathetic
stimulation
releases
norepinephrine
and initiates a
cyclic AMP
second-
messenger
system
InterActive Physiology:
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Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Output
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 64
Factors Involved in Regulation of Cardiac
Output
Figure
65
18.23
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Figure
67
18.24
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
Developmental Aspects of the Heart
Figure
69
18.25
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
Age-Related Changes Affecting the Heart
Treatment
drugs, bypass graft,
angioplasty, stent