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Radiation:
Alpha Particles
Alpha Particles: 2 neutrons and 2 protons
They travel short distances, have large mass
Only a hazard when inhaled
Four Primary Types of Ionizing
Radiation:
Beta Particles
Beta Particles: Electrons or positrons having small mass and
variable energy. Electrons form when a neutron transforms into a
proton and an electron or:
Four Primary Types of Ionizing
Radiation:
Gamma Rays
Gamma Rays (or photons): Result when the nucleus releases
X-Rays
X-Rays: Occur whenever an inner shell orbital electron is removed
Neutrons
Neutrons: Have the same mass as protons but are uncharged
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Ionization
Ionizing radiation is produced by unstable
atoms. Unstable atoms differ from stable
atoms because they have an excess of
energy or mass or both.
Unstable atoms are said to be radioactive. In
order to reach stability, these atoms give off,
or emit, the excess energy or mass. These
emissions are called radiation.
Types or Products of Ionizing
Radiation
neutron or X-ray
Radioactive Atom Ionizing Radiation
alpha particle
X-ray
beta particle
gamma ray
Radioactive Atom Ionizing Radiation
alpha particle
X-ray
beta particle
gamma ray
Direct Ionization Caused By:
Protons
Alpha Particles
Beta Particles
Positron Particles
Indirect Ionization Caused By:
Neutrons
Gamma Rays
X-Rays
DNA and Radiation
Ionizing Radiation at the
Cellular Level
Causes breaks in
one or both DNA
strands or;
Department of Health
Bureau of Radiation Control
Introduction
Quantities (mass, volume, time, etc.) vs.
Units (grams, gallons, hours)
Units of exposure, radioactivity, and energy
associated with ionizing radioactivity
As hours and minutes are to time ...
Objectives
Define
ROENTGEN, RAD, REM, CURIE, GRAY,
SIEVERT, BECQUEREL.
SI units vs. Standard English units
Discuss the use and conversion of unit
prefixes
Transform units using unit analysis
Background
Early risk associated with use of ionizing
radiation
skin erythema dose - 25yrs
1928 - ROENTGEN introduced by ICRP
Roentgen
Roentgen
Named after Wilhelm C. Roentgen
(thus the abbr... is capital R)
Pronounced rentgen with a hard g
Limitations
only applies to photons
only applies in air
only applies to energies less than 3 MeV
rad
rad
1 rad = 1 Roentgen
rem
rem
Roentgen Equivalent Man
The unit of dose equivalent for any type of
ionizing radiation absorbed by body tissue
in terms of estimated biological effect - Unit
of dose equivalent
Dose in health record is in units of rem
1 rem = 1 Roentgen
Quality Factor (Q)
The specific value that accounts for the
ability of different types of ionizing
radiation to cause varying degrees of
biological damage
X-rays, gamma rays, & beta particles 1
Neutrons & High energy protons 10
Alpha Particles 20
Curie (Ci)
10 millirem per x-
Dental x-ray
ray
8 millirem per x-
Chest x-ray
ray
Drinking water 5 millirem/year
Cross country round trip by
5 millirem per trip
air
0.165
Coal Burning power plant
millirem/year
Estimated Exposure To The
National Population
Decrease Time
Increase Distance
Increase Shielding