Lecture 4

Computer Arithmetic
Part I: Integers

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 In this lecture:

Integer Representations
Integer Arithmetic

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 Chapter1 Review

1. What are the basic components of a computer?

2. List some computer performance improvement
techniques
3. What are the two basic stages (steps) of
instruction cycle?
4. List some common registers inside CPU
5. List at least two characteristics of a von Neumann
machine

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 Computer Arithmetic

ALU performs arithmetic and logic

operations

Arithmetic operations are performed on:

Integers
Floating point numbers

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 Integer representation

Unsigned number representation

Q. What is the range of unsigned integer
numbers that can be represented with 8 bits?

Signed number representation

Sign-magnitude
2s complement---> used in computers

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 Integer representation cntd

Q. Convert the following decimal representations

into 2s complement representations . Use 8 bits.
i) 20
ii) -20

Why use 2s complement representation?

Simpler arithmetic circuits

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 Integer Arithmetic
Addition (signed)
Q. Compute using 2s complement representation (use 4 bits)
i) 3+4
ii) -4+5
iii) 7+5
iv) (-4) +(-5)

Overflow will not occur if two numbers added have opposite signs.
If two numbers are added, and they are both positive or both negative,
then overflow occurs if and only if the result has the opposite sign.

Subtraction (signed)
A B = A+(-B) (find the negative equivalent of B then add with A)

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Adder/Subtractor Unit

Register B Register A

Complementer

SW

OF Adder SW: Selects between addition

and subtraction
Register C OF: Indicates whether an
overflow occurred

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 Integer Multiplication

Unsigned integers
e.g. 1011 Multiplicand
We can store the partial
products and then add them
1101 Multiplier to find the product
But large number of registers
00001011 are required as no. of bits
000 0000 0 Partial products
increases (e.g. 32 registers
00 1011 00 for 32 bits)
Better approach is to add the
01011 000 partial products as we go
10001111 Product

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 Integer Multiplicationcntd

Important observations

When the multiplier bit is 0, the partial product is 0.When the

multiplier is 1, the partial product is the multiplicand

Each successive partial product is shifted one position to the left

relative to the preceding partial product

The multiplication of two n-bit binary integers results in a product of

up to 2n-bits in length

We can use successive add and shift operations to

find the product
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 Method 1

Start

Product(P) -> 2n-bits

=1 Test LSB of =0 Multiplicand(M) ->
multiplier 2n-bits
Multiplier(Q) -> n-bits
Product = product +
multiplicand

Initially P=0 and upper

Shift multiplicand 1 bit to the left
n bits of M are 0

Shift multiplier 1 bit to the right

nth repetition NO
?
YES
Done 11
 Method 1cntd

e.g. 1011 X 1101

Multiplier (Q) Multiplicand (M) Product (P) Initial Values
1101 00001011 00000000

1101 00001011 00001011 P=P+M

1
1101 00010110 00001011 Shift M left
0110 00010110 00001011 Shift Q right

0110 00101100 00001011 Shift M left

2
0011 00101100 00001011 Shift Q right

0011 00101100 00110111 P=P+M

3 0011 01011000 00110111 Shift M left

0001 01011000 00110111 Shift Q right
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 Method 1cntd

0001 01011000 10001111 P=P+M

4 0011 10110000 10001111 Shift M left
0000 10110000 10001111 Shift Q right

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Method 2

A -> n-bits
C -> 1-bit
Multiplicand (M) -> n-bits
Multiplier (Q) -> n-bits
P=A:Q

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 Method 2cntd
e.g. 1011 X 1101

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Method 2cntd

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 Method 2cntd
Exercise
Compute using method 2
i) 1000 X 1010
ii) 110 X 111

Faster multiplication
Calculate partial products in parallel
Need more components

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 Next Class

Signed integer multiplication

Floating-point representation/arithmetic

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 More Readings

1. Computer Architecture and Organization,

William Stallings, 8th edition (chapter 9)
2. Computer Organization and Design, David A.
Patterson, 4th edition (section 3.3)

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