BAHAN KAJIAN

MK. DASAR ILMU TANAH

SIFAT
FISIKA TANAH

Dihimpun oleh
Soemarno
Jurusan Tanah FP UB Februari 2012
TEKSTUR TANAH

Efek Ukuran partikel tanah

 Tipe-Tipe Struktur Tanah

Plow layer
Granular

Platy

Prismatic

Columnar

Common to Ohio
Blocky soils just below Ap
(> 8)

Single Grain Sand

Massive Deeper in profile

(>3-4)

Diunduh 15/2/2012
 TEKSTUR TANAH
Luas permukaan internal
Pori tanah

Relative proportion of the various size separates in a

soil.

Important because it affects and is related to several

soil properties such as soil structure, aeration, water
holding capacity, nutrient storage, water movement,
and bearing strength.
 TEKSTUR TANAH
Fraksi Tanah = Soil Separates
Mineral soil is considered as a porous mixture of
inorganic particles, decaying organic matter, water
and air.
Particle size and particle size distribution of these
inorganic particles have an important bearing on the
physical properties of soil.
 TEKSTUR TANAH

Soil separates do not act as individuals, but as partners, or

aggregates. Aggregates are the clumps of soil separates.
When aggregates are bound together into large masses they
are called peds

It is difficult to alter the soil texture on the field level.

 TEKSTUR TANAH

Mineral fraction of soil is divided into are called soil

separates. three major size groups. These groups

Sand - 0.05 mm to 2 mm in diameter

Silt - 0.002 mm to 0.05 mm in diameter
Clay - <0.002 mm
Gravel - 2 mm to 2 cm
Stones - >2 cm

Particles of <0.001 mm are designated as colloids - clay, a

colloid is unique because of its large surface area.
 TEKSTUR TANAH
Klasifikasi tekstur tanah
Penentuan tekstur tanah
 TEKSTUR TANAH
Karakteristik kelas tekstur
Modifiksi tekstur tanah
Perbandingan ukuran partikel tanah

Big smaller
really small
Sand silt clay
 TEKSTUR TANAH
Surface area per unit volume Gee whiz
fact:
1 g sand ~ 0.1 m2 Fine clay has
1 g silt ~ 1 m2 ~10,000
lowest times as
1 g clay ~ 10-1000 m2 much
surface area
as the same
wt. med.
grain sand
highest

Large surface area means more charge

so greater ability to hold water and
nutrients

Coarse textured soils have larger pores,

fine textured soils have greater total pore
space

h Surface area h weathering

 Surface area, pore volume, nutrient
supply capacity, plasticity and cohesion,
swelling

Clay Silt Sand

Particle Size
 Clay Silt Sand

Particle Size
Pore size, infiltration rate, drainage rate, aeration
 Siklus Hidrologi dan Tanah
Sifat tanah yang menjadi bagian dari siklus hidrologi.

Moisture Color
Temperature

Structure
pH

Texture
Horizon
Depths

Bulk
Density
 PENGARUH TEKSTUR
Pasir Debu Liat

Water-holding Low Medium High

capacity

Aeration Good Medium Poor

Drainage Fast Slow Very slow

Nutrient
Low Medium High
retention
 DENSITAS DAN
PERMEABILITAS TANAH

Kerapatan partikel = Particle density

 DENSITAS DAN
PERMEABILITAS TANAH
Bobot Isi Tanah
Porositas Tanah

Permeabilitas tanah ditetapkan dalam keadaan jenuh pada

contoh tanah yang tidak terganggu yang dirumuskan :

K = (QL) / t.h.A.

Dimana : K = Permeabilitas ( cm/jam ) Q = Banyaknya air

setiap pengukuran ( cm3 ) L = Tebal contoh tanah ( cm ); H
= Tinggi permukaan air dari permukaan tanah ( cm2 ) A =
Luas permukaan contoh tanah ( cm2 ) t = Waktu ( jam )
 DENSITAS DAN
PERMEABILITAS TANAH
Permeability
BOBOT ISI BULK DENSITY

Calculate soil bulk density and % pore

space
Discuss factors influencing the above soil
properties
Identify the difference between texture
and structure

Bobot isi tanah merupakan kerapatan tanah per

satuan volume yang dinyatakan dalam dua batasan
berikut ini:

(1) Kerapatan partikel (bobot partikel = BP) adalah

bobot massa partikel padat per satuan volume
tanah, biasanya tanah mempunyai kerapatan
partikel 2,6 gram cm-3, dan

(2) Kerapatan massa (bobot isi = BI) adalah bobot

massa tanah kondisi lapangan yang dikering-
ovenkan per satuan volume.

http://dasar2ilmutanah.blogspot.com/2009/04/sifat-fisika-tanah-bagian-3-
bobot-isi.html ..... Diunduh 16/2/2012
BOBOT ISI BULK DENSITY

Density
particle density: mass per unit volume (not pore
space)
Porosity
Mg/m3 (Dp of quartz mineral, dominant mineral in most soils)
~ 2.65

bulk density: mass per unit volume (including pore

space)
ranges 0.1 2.65 Mg/m3

the volume
percentage (%)
of the total bulk
soil NOT
occupied by
solids
BOBOT ISI BULK DENSITY
Mass of dry soil per unit bulk volume,
INCLUDING pore space

O.M. decreases bulk density

Compaction increases bulk
density
Increased bulk density
lowers water infiltration and
restricts root growth
Pore volume

Bulk density is
relatively high in
coarse-textured
soils because total
pore volume is low

Clay Silt Sand

Particle Size
BOBOT ISI BULK DENSITY

Histosols (0.1-0.7 Mg/m3) LOW

Cultivated clay and silt loams

(0.9-1.5 Mg/m3)

Cultivated sandy loams and

sands
(1.2-1.8 Mg/m3)

Concrete (ca. 2.4 Mg/m3)

Quartz mineral (2.65 Mg/m3) HIGH

BOBOT ISI BULK DENSITY

OM: ~0.5 Mg/m3

normal soils: Db ~ 1.2 - 1.8 Mg/m3

Clayey soils lower than sandy soils

Upper limit: ~2.65 Mg/m3

Kerapatan massa lapisan yang bertekstur halus

biasanya antara 1,0-1,3 g/cm3. Jika struktur
tanah kasar maka kerapatan massa 1,3-1,8
g/cm3.

Semakin padat suatu tanah makin tinggi

kerapatan massa atau bulk densitynya sehingga
makin sulit meneruskan air atau ditembus oleh
akar tanaman.

http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/16232/4/Chapter
%20II.pdf....... Diunduh 15/2/2012
BOBOT ISI BULK DENSITY

????
Clear
cut
Depth Forest

Bulk density
Effect varies with soil texture!
 Soil bulk density on skid trails: does
tillage help??

1.15
Bulk density (g/cm^3)

1.1
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
control untilled tilled
BOBOT ISI BULK DENSITY

Texture Yrs Increase in Db due

cropped to texture and
Coarse
cultivation
Loam 58
0.18

Silt loam 40
0.26

Clay 70
0.30
Fine

In general, the finer the texture, the more

it compacts if aggregates are destroyed
BOBOT ISI BULK DENSITY
 STRUKTUR TANAH

Tanah tidak berstruktur

 STRUKTUR TANAH

Tipe-tipe struktur tanah

Pembentuka struktur tanah

Agregasi tanah merupakan proses-proses dimana

partikel tanah utama (pasir, debu, liat) terikat
bersama-sama oleh gaya alami dan bahan-bahan
yang dihasilkan oleh eksudat akar dan aktifitas
mikrobia.

Agregat Suatu unit struktur tanah yang terbentuk

oleh proses alami yang berlawanan dengan proses
buatan, dan biasanya berdiameter <10 mm.

Agregat yang stabil air adalah suatu agregat yang

stabil dengan gaya-gaya yang diakibatkan oleh air
seperti titik hujan, atau agitasi dalam analisa
saringan basah.
 STRUKTUR TANAH
Structure

spatial arrangement of primary
soil particles
Aggregate stability

how easily or not do the

peds fall apart?

Low bulk density

Goal of
good Lots of macropores
soil
mgmt. Stable aggregates
 STRUKTUR TANAH

The arrangement of primary soil

particles into groupings called
aggregates or peds
Binding agents provided by
plant roots (exudates), organic
matter (OM), and clays
Most important contributor to
good structure is OM
STRUKTUR TANAH

Perbedaan antara Tekstur

dan struktur

Texture = proportions of
different particle sizes (%
sand, silt, clay)

Structure = spatial
arrangement of those
particles
 STRUKTUR TANAH
Particles bind because organic compounds and some minerals
are sticky
Biological sources: polysaccharides, proteins,
bacterial glues
Mineralogical sources : oxides, carbonates, silicates
(clay particles)

Agregasi tanah dihasilkan dari penyusunan partikel,

flokulasi, dan sementasi yang diperantarai oleh bahan
organik tanah, biota tanah, jembatan ionik, liat, dan
karbonat.
Struktur tanah yang baik memiliki kemantapan agregat
yang diperlukan untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan hara
bagi tanaman, produktivitas tanaman, porositas, dan
menurunkan tingkat erosi.
Konsep dasar dari agregasi adalah pembentukan partikel
sekunder melalui penggabungan partikel mineral dengan
bahan organik dan anorganik.
Dinamika agregasi sangat kompleks dan dipengaruhi oleh
interaksi beberapa faktor seperti lingkungan, pengelolaan
tanah, tanaman, komposisi mineral, tekstur, konsentrasi
karbon organik tanah, proses pedogenesis, aktivitas
mikroorganisme tanah, ion-ion yang dapat dipertukarkan,
cadangan nutrisi di dalam tanah, dan kelembaban
KARAKTERISASI STRUKTUR

Type: Shape of the aggregates

Four (4) principal shapes
Granular (A), platy (E), blocky (B),
prismatic (B)
Size
fine, medium, coarse
Grade: distinctness (how obvious)
Strong, moderate, or weak
In general,
if lots of clay STRONG structure,
bigger blocks
If lots of OM granular structure
TIPE STRUKTUR: Spheroidal
Structure type: Platey
Structure type: Blocky
Structure type: Prism-like

Sodium induced
disperses clays
A Granular

Platy

Blocky

Massive
TELADAN LABEL STRUKTUR
TANAH

GRADE SIZE TYPE

Moderate coarse subangular

blocky
Weak medium platy
Strong very coarse prismatic
Moderate very fine granular
AGREGAT ADALAH UNIT
STRUKTUR

The same things that lead to

strong structure make stable
aggregates!

Amount of OM
Type and amount of clay
Amount of stabilizing/flocculating
minerals (calcium carbonate,
gypsum, etc.)
 AGREGAT
Aggregates contain many small pores; area
between aggregates large pores

Total ruang pori dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan data bobot

jenis partikel partikel dan bobot isi tanah sebagai berikut:

TRP = 1 - BD/PD . 100%

Dimana: TRP = Total Ruang Pori BD = Bulk Density (g/cm3) ;

PD = Partikel Density
MENGAPA AGREGAT TANAH
SANGAT PENTING?

Increase porosity
Increase water infiltration, drainage,
decrease runoff
Increase water holding capacity

Ruang pori tanah ialah bagian yang diduduki udara dan air.

Jumlah ruang pori sebagian ditentukan oleh susunan butir-butir

padat, apabila letak keduannya cenderung erat, seperti pada
pasir atau subsoil yang padat, total porositasnya rendah.

Sedangkan agregat bergumpal seperti yang kerap kali terjadi

pada tanah-tanah yang bertekstur sedang yang besar kandungan
bahan organiknya, ruang pori persatuan volume akan tinggi.
 KONDISI YANG MEMPERBAIKI
STABILITAS AGREGAT

1. Low disturbance
2. High root abundance
3. High fungal biomass
4. High OM
5. High clay content

Pembentukan agregat terjadi melalui beberapa

cara dan dikelompokkan dalam tingkat ukuran
yaitu makroagregat (> 250 m) dan mikroagregat
(< 250 m).

Teori agregasi yang dikemukakan Tisdall (1996)

adalah mikroagregat (< 250 m) dibentuk oleh
molekul organik (MO) yang menempel pada liat (L)
dan kation polivalen (P) membentuk partikel (L-P-
MO), yang saling berikatan dengan partikel (L-P-
MO) lainnya membentuk makroagregat [(L-P-
MO)x]y.
 EFEK BOT TERHADAP STABILITAS
AGREGAT

Mekanisme agregasi melalui proses flokulasi dan

fragmentasi. Flokulasi terjadi jika partikel tanah yang
pada awalnya dalam keadaan terdispersi, kemudian
bergabung membentuk agregat. Sedangkan
fragmentasi terjadi jika tanah dalam keadaan masif,
kemudian terpecah-pecah membentuk agregat yang
lebih kecil.
Semakin mantap suatu agregat tanah, semakin rendah
kepekaannya terhadap erosi (erodibilitas tanah).
 Efek akar dan pengolahan tanah
terhadap stabilitas agregat

Kemantapan agregat tanah dipengaruhi oleh :

(i) jumlah dan jenis bahan organik di dalam tanah,

khususnya lem dan musilage, (ii) keberadaan
bakteri dan fungi serta akar tanaman berukuran
mikro, (iii) pembasahan dan pengeringan, (iv)
freezing dan thawing, (v) situs pertukaran kation
alami, dan (vi) aktivitas biota tanah khususnya
cacing tanah.
 Cara memperbaiki struktur tanah
Reduce disturbance
Work soil when dry
Mulch soil surface
Add organic materials (crop residues, compost,
manure)
Use cover crops

http://www.seafriends.org.nz/enviro/soil/ecology.htm diunduh 15/2/2012

KONSISTENSI TANAH
Wet soil Moist soil Dry soil

Soil consistency states for a sand and a clay soil (friable soil is best for
tillage).
 SIFAT OLAH TANAH
Compaction
Aggregate destruction
Puddling and clods
Surface crusts
Improving tilth
Soil channels

Kemantapan agregat tanah dapat

didefinisikan sebagai kemampuan tanah
untuk bertahan terhadap gaya-gaya yang
akan merusak.

Gaya-gaya tersebut dapat berupa kikisan

angin, pukulan hujan, daya urai air
pengairan, dan beban pengolahan tanah.
 PEMADATAN TANAH DAN
PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN

Silt loam in Arkansas:

decreasing Db by 16% increased
cotton yields 13% during a normal
year
59% during a dry year

Medium textured soils in Washington

Db > 1.2 Mg/m3; positively
correlated with diseases in peas and
beans

(h pore space= h water

storage capacity)
EFEK PEMADATAN TANAH

Increasing soil compactiong(increasing bulk

density)
 KERAPATAN PARTIKEL =
Particle Density
Mass of dry soil per unit volume of
solids, this EXCLUDES pore space

So if you compact a soil, does

particle density change??
No!
Comparison of bulk and particle
density
g/cm3 = Mg/m3

1.32
g 1.32
g
 Soil Pans
Lapisan tanah yang diperkeras
Claypans
Fragipans
Plinthite
Caliche and duripans

Any harden layer is called a pan

Claypans occur with extreme illuviation

Fragipans are a hard brittle claypan

Plinthe is a tropical hardpan that can not be soften by

wetting

Caliche and duripans, layer of soil cemented by lime

cement leaving white hardened layer
PORI TANAH - POROSITAS

% PS = 100 * (1-[Db/Dp])

If you compact or till a soil,

the pore space decreases.
Large pores are filled with air
Small pores are filled with water
Clay soils have greater total pore space
than sandy soils

Porositas tanah erat hubungannya dengan bulk density

serta permeabilitas.

Apabila total ruang pori tinggi maka memiliki tekstur

tanah yang halus yang dapat menyimpan air dan udara
dalam tanah sehingga menyebabkan kerapatan massa
(bulk density) yang rendah.
 PORI TANAH - POROSITAS
Permeabilitas merupakan kemampuan tanah untuk
meneruskan air atau udara. Permeabilitas umumnya diukur
sehubungan laju aliran air melalui tanah dalam suatu
massa waktu dan dinyatakan sebagai cm per jam.
Hal ini mengakibatkan pergerakan udara yang
berhubungan dengan volume tanah yang kosong, bukan
ukuran pori dan kesinambungan ruang pori.

% Pore Space = 100 * (1-[Db/Dp])

PORI TANAH - POROSITAS
A pattern to note: As clay content increases, pore
volume increases and bulk density decreases

65
Pore space (%)

60

55

50

45

40
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
h Clay content
Bulk density (Mg/m3)
PORI MAKRO - MIKRO

The size of pores rather Macropores are

than their combined usually air-filled,
volume is the important whereas micropores
factor in determining soil
are typically water-
drainage, aeration, and
other processes filled
HUBUNGAN TEKSTUR DENGAN PORI
(data for 10 cm depth)

Texture O.M. Total pore Micropores Macropores

(%) space (%) (%) (%)

Sandy 2 42
loam 17 25

Silt loam
good 5 50 27 23
structure

poor 5 50 40 10
structure
 WARNA TANAH
Color as a guide to soil use
Dark brown to black
White to light gray
Light brown, yellow to red
Bluish-gray
Mottled colors
Describing soil color

http://www.egyptastic.co.uk/_25.html . Diunduh 15/2/2012

 WARNA TANAH

quantified using the

Munsell system
Hue (e.g., 5R) tells you general
shade; DOES NOT tell you how dark
the soil is
Value (e.g., 5R 5/ ) tells you how
dark the soil is: (0 darkest) may
indicate current moisture status
(dark = wet) and/or amount of
organic matter
Chroma (e.g., 5R 5/8) tells you color
intensity (0 = gray). Indicator
of hydrologic regime (well
drained = h O2 = high chroma)
 WARNA TANAH

Hue,
Value &
Chroma
WARNA TANAH
 Tanah-tanah coklat tua hingga hitam
O.M. can reach high level in waterlogged soil
Usually smells sour, oily
O.M. can also reach high level in aerated soil. It smells
earthy
Dark parent materials can affect color of soil..smells
chalky

Environmental
Soil color Soil attributes
conditions

low temperature, high

annual precipitation
Brown to black accumulation of
amounts, soils high in soil
(surface organic matter
moisture, and/or litter from
horizon) (OM), humus
coniferous trees favor an
accumulation of OM
 Tanah-tanah Putih hingga
Kelabu Muda
Light color may indicate the presence of
chemicals such as gypsum or other salts

Munsell soil color chart.

http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/SS325/morphology.htm#color
diunduh 15/2/2012
 Tanah-tanah Coklat muda,
Kuning, Merah

Indicate iron oxides, indicates good drainage

Blue-gray soils indicate a lack of oxygen in the
soil
Mottled wetland soils indicate waterlogged soil
for at least part of the year

Soil color Soil attributes Environmental conditions

In environments where
precipitation >
evapotranspiration there is
Eluvial horizon
Bright-light leaching of sequioxides,
(E horizon)
carbonates, and silicate
clays. The eluviated horizon
consists mainly of silica

Yellow to Fe3+ (oxidized

Well-aerated soils
reddish iron)
 Deskripsi Warna Tanah
The Munsell system is a widely used color I.D. system
Hue is the color such as red or yellow
Value is the lightness or darkness of hue noted by numbers
zero to ten
Chroma is the purity of the dominate color denoted by a
number

http://vro.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/soilhealth_prac_soil_colo
ur diunduh 15/2/2012
 SISTEM MUNSELL
A 10YR3/6 soil has:
The hue 10YR, a yellow red
The value of 3 (dark)
Chroma of 6
This is described as a dark yellow brown soil
This would be recognized internationally
WARNA TANAH - DRAINAGE

http://www.hindawi.com/journals/aess/2012/430347/fig2/ .. Diunduh 15/2/2012

 DRAINAGE INTERNAL TANAH.
Important for proper plant growth

Permeability can be determined by the color of the subsoil.

Grey with some red or yellow streaks - poorly drained soils

Yellowish-brown or reddish brown with some grey mottling -

as internal drainage improves

Uniform bright color with few or no grey streaks or mottling

good internal drainage and aeration

Poorly drained
Water is removed so slowly in relation to supply that the soil
remains wet for a comparatively large part of the time the soil
is not frozen. Excess water is evident in the soil for a large
part of the time.
Subsurface flow or groundwater flow, or both, in addition to
precipitation are the main water sources; there may also be a
perched water table, with precipitation exceeding
evapotranspiration.
Soils have a wide range in available water storage capacity,
texture, and depth, and are gleyed subgroups, Gleysols, and
Organic soils.

http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/nsdb/detailed/name/drainage.html Diunduh
15/2/2012