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ISBN-10: 0133081753
Second Edition Version 1.0571 [8 February 2015]
Updates and
Corrected Slides
Class Demonstrations
Class Problems
Check authors website
http://optoelectronics.usask.ca
Copyright 2013, 2001 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey,
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From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles
and Practices, Second Edition, 2013 Pearson Education, USA
Chapter 2 Dielectric Waveguides
and Optical Fibers
Light waves zigzag along the guide. Is that really what happens?
Waves Inside the Core
A light ray traveling in the guide must interfere constructively with itself to
propagate successfully. Otherwise destructive interference will destroy the
wave. E is parallel to x. (l1 and k1 are the wavelength and the propagation
constant inside the core medium n1 i.e. l1 = l/n1.)
Waves Inside the Core
Two arbitrary waves 1 and 2 that are initially in phase must remain in
phase after reflections. Otherwise the two will interfere destructively
and cancel each other.
Waveguide Condition
and
Modes
k1 = kn1 = 2pn1/l,
Df(AC) = k1(AB + BC) - 2f = m(2p)
BC = d/cosq and AB = BCcos(2q)
AB + BC = BCcos(2q) + BC = BC[(2cos2q -1) + 1] = 2dcosq
k1[2dcosq] - 2f = m(2p)
2pn1 ( 2a ) m = 0, 1, 2, 3 etc
cos q - f mp Integer
l m m
Mode number
Waveguide condition
2pn1 Propagation constant along the guide
m k1 sin q m sin q m
l
2pn1
m k1 cos q m cos q m Transverse Propagation constant
l
Waveguide Condition and Waveguide Modes
To get a propagating wave along a guide you must have
constructive interference. All these rays interfere with each
other. Only certain angles are allowed . Each allowed angle
represents a mode of propagation.
2 pn1 (2a)
cosq m - fm mp
l
Waveguide Condition
2pn1 ( 2a )
cos q m - fm mp
l
m = integer, n1 = core refractive index, qm is the
incidence angle, 2a is the core thickness.
Minimum qm and maximum m must still satisfy TIR.
There are only a finite number of modes.
Propagation along the guide for a mode m is
2pn1
m k1 sin q m sin q m
l
Waveguide Condition and Modes
We can identify upward (A) and downward (B) traveling waves in the guide which interfere to set
up a standing wave along y and a wave that is propagating along z. Rays 2 and 2 belong to the
same wave front but 2 becomes reflected before 2. The interference of 1 and 2 determines the
field at a height y from the guide center. The field E(y, z, t) at P can be written as
Left: The upward and downward traveling waves have equal but opposite
wavevectors m and interfere to set up a standing electric field pattern across the
guide. Right: The electric field pattern of the lowest mode traveling wave along the
guide. This mode has m = 0 and the lowest q. It is often referred to as the glazing
incidence ray. It has the highest phase velocity along the guide
Modes in a Planar Waveguide
Possible modes can be classified in terms of (a) transverse electric field (TE)
and (b) transverse magnetic field (TM). Plane of incidence is the paper.
V-Number
All waveguides are characterized by a parameter called
the V-number or normalized frequency
2pa
V
l
2
n1 - n2
2 1/ 2
2 1/ 2
2 n2
TIR phase sin q m -
change fm for
n1
tan 12 fm TE mode
TE mode cos q m
Waveguide 2pn1 ( 2a )
cos q m - fm mp
condition l
sin q m -
p n1 TE
tan ak1 cos q m - m f (q m ) mode
2 cos q m
Mode m, incidence angle qm and penetration dm for a planar dielectric waveguide
with d = 2a = 20 mm, n1 = 1.455, n2 = 1.440 (l = 900 nm)
m 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
qm 89.2 88.3 87.5 86.7 85.9 85.0 84.2 83.4 82.6 81.9
dm (mm) 0.691 0.702 0.722 0.751 0.793 0.866 0.970 1.15 1.57 3.83
m=0 Highest
Fundamental
mode
mode
2V
M Int ( ) 1
p
Mode Field Width 2wo
Ecladding(y) = Ecladding(0)exp(-acladdingy)
1/ 2
2pn2 n1
2
acladding sin qi - 1
2
l n2
2p 2 V
(n1 - n22 )1 / 2
l a
(V 1)
2wo 2a
V
Mode Field Width 2wo
Note: The MFW definition here is semiquantitive. A more rigorous approach needs to
consider the optical power in the mode and how much of this penetrates the cladding. See
optical fibers section.
Waveguide Dispersion Curve
dw
vg
d 0
m
Mode Group Velocities from Dispersion Diagram
The group velocity vg vs. w for a planar dielectric guide with a core thickness (2a)
= 20 mm, n1 = 1.455, n2 = 1.440. TE0, TE1 and TE4
Not in the textbook
c / n2
2.08
2.08x10+008
m=0
2.07
2.07x10+008
m = 10
108
2.06
2.06x10+008 c / n1
vg
Slower than
2.05
2.05x10+008
fundamental
TE1 wcutoff vg
m = 20
m = 30 m = 40 m = 60
2.04x10+008
2.04 (c/n1)sinqc = cn2/n12
5x10+015 w 1x10+016 1.5x10+016
0 0.51016 1.01016 1.51016
w
The group velocity vg vs. w for a planar dielectric guide
Core thickness (2a) = 20 mm, n1 = 1.455, n2 = 1.440
[Calculations by the author]
Not in the textbook
Dispersion in the Planar Dielectric Waveguide with TE0 and TE1
(Near cut-off)
w1 w1
TE1
Broadened
TE0 = pulse
Input Output light
light pulse
pulse
wcutoff
vgmax c/n2
2.08x10+008
c / n2
TE0
vgmax vgmin c/n1
vg TE2
2.07x10+008
L L
TE1 D - Spread in
arrival times
v gmin v gmax
2.06x10+008 c / n1
vgmin
vg
D n1 - n 2
2.05x10+008 w Dispersion
2x10+014
Operating
frequency
w 4x10+014 6x10+014 8x10+014 1x10+015
L c
w1 l1 2pc/w1
Not in the textbook
c/n1
Operating qc qc (c/n1)sinqc c/n1
frequency
c / n1 TEhighest
vg Range of group
velocities for
65 modes
c c n2 c
vgmin sin qc v gmax
(c/n1)sinqc n1 n1 n1 n1
w
D 1 1 D (n1 - n2 ) n1
-
L v gmin v gmax L c n2
D n1 - n 2
L c
(Since n1/n2 1)
Not in the textbook
82 q 84 86 88 90
Incidence angle qi
The mode TE1 penetrates into the cladding where its velocity is
higher than in the core. If penetration is large, as near cut-off, TE1
group velocity along the guide can exceed that of TE0.
Group Velocity and Wavelength: Fundamental Mode
The electric field of TE0 mode extends more into the cladding as the
wavelength increases. As more of the field is carried by the cladding, the group
velocity increases.
Optical Fibers
The step index optical fiber. The central region, the core, has greater
refractive index than the outer region, the cladding. The fiber has cylindrical
symmetry. The coordinates r,f, z are used to represent any point P in the
fiber. Cladding is normally much thicker than shown.
Meridional ray enters the fiber through the fiber axis and hence also crosses the fiber
axis on each reflection as it zigzags down the fiber. It travels in a plane that contains
the fiber axis.
Skew ray enters the fiber off the fiber axis and zigzags down the fiber without
crossing the axis
Modes LPlm
Weakly guiding modes in fibers
Field Traveling
Pattern wave
V2
Number of modes M
2
Modes in an Optical Fiber
2
0.996
b 1.1428 -
Normalized
propagation constant
V
( 1.5 < V < 2.5)
( /k) - n 2
22
b 2 2
n1 - n 2
k = 2p/l
Normalized propagation constant b vs.
V-number for a step-index fiber for
various LP modes
Group Velocity and Group Delay
Consider a single mode fiber with core and cladding indices of
1.4480 and 1.4400, core radius of 3 mm, operating at 1.5 mm. What
are the group velocity and group delay at this wavelength?
2
0.996
b 1.1428 - 1.5 < V < 2.5
V
( / k) - n2 = n2k[1 + bD]
b
n1 - n2
k = 2p/l = 4,188,790 m-1 and w= 2pc/l 1.2557571015 rad s-1
Note:
Maximum set
arbitrarily to 1
Intensity
Gaussian vgE(r)2
Gaussian
Note:
Maximum set
arbitrarily to 1 Intensity vgE(r)2
2prdr
2
E ( r )
Fraction of optical power
= 0
0.865
within MFD
2prdr
2
E ( r )
0
E (r ) E (0) exp[ -2(r / w) ]
2 2 2
86% of total
Mode Field Diameter (2w)
power