Cast Iron Soil Pipe

Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe

Asbestos Pipe
Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
Vitrified Clay Pipe
Lead Pipe
Galvanized Steel Pipe
Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
Brass Pipe
Copper Pipe
Plastic & Synthetic Pipe
Stainless Pipe
 Cast Iron Pipe the most popular and
generally specified material for drainage
system in buildings. It is durable, conveniently
installed and answer the to the most plumbing
needs of all types of buildings less than 25
storey high.

Cast Iron Pipes comes in Four Varieties-

Standard Pipe
Single Hub Pipe
Double Hub Pipe
Hubless Pipe
 Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe is made from
alloy of cast iron and silicon. It is widely used
in chemical laboratories, industries and other
installations where acid wastes are being
discharge. Basically, this type of pipe is brittle
in character and requires stronger support for
each pipe installed horizontally to prevent
sagging of joints.
 Asbestos Pipe is made of asbestos fibers and
portland cement. The thickness of the pipe is
twice as that of the standard cast iron pipe.
Asbestos pipe could be used as soil, waste,
ventilation and downspout. This kind of pipe is
remarkably superior for embedment in
concrete structure for having the same material
properties.
 Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe is the cheapest
among the sewer pipes. It is sometimes
recommended for house sewer and for septic
tank installation. This type of pipe is light in
weight, slightly flexible which could take slight
soil movement without danger of cracking or
pulling out from its joint. However, excessive
hot water or chemical flow may soften or
damage the pipe.
 Vitrified Clay Pipe is one of the oldest
materials used for sewer lines. It is made out
from clay, cast into length of 75 centimeters
treated with glazing compound. The pipe is
heated in a large kiln under a temperature of
1370 degrees Celsius, making it impervious to
moisture. Clay pipe is highly resistant to most
acid wastes. It is a durable material for
underground installations like public sewer,
house sewer or storm drain. Being made of
clay, its physical property is brittle.
 Lead Pipe is also one of the oldest plumbing
materials used by the Egyptians, the Greeks
and the Roman builders as soil and waste pipe.
Pipe is highly resistant to acid and is suitable
for underground installation. But because lead
is poisonous and injurious to human health, it
is never used to convey water for human
consumption.
 Galvanized Steel Pipe - is made from mild
steel, drawn through a die and welded, cast
into 6.00 meters long. This type of pipe is
corroded by alkaline and acid water. The
carbonic acid in water, attack the zinc coating
and ultimately the steel itself. It is subjet to
deposits of salt and lime that gradually
accumulate and finally choke the flow of water.
Galvanized steel pipe deteriorate faster when
used as hot water supply line.
 Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe is better in
quality than the steel pipe for plumbing
installation. Tests showed that wrought iron pipe
is more resistant to acid waste than the steel pipe.
Brass Pipe is one of the most expensive types of
pipe. This pipe is made of any alloy or zinc and
copper mixed at 15% and 85% proportion
respectively. Because of its smooth interior surface
and high resistance to acid, brass pipe become
superior for waste and water supply installations.
Brass pipe fittings are of the recessed type similar
in design with galvanized steel pipe.
 Copper Pipe is a durable and extremely
corrosive resistant material. It is easy to install
with other types of pipe. Copper pipe is
classified into three types depending upon its
wall thickness.
 Plastic and Synthetic Pipes is a new concept
in the field of plumbing. It was introduced in
the Philippines at the early part of 70s,
although this type of materials was developed
in Germany in the mid year of 1935.
- plastic pipe has gained widespread acceptance
after it has many ways proven itself to be
superior as sewer and cold water pipe line.
Types of Plastic Synthetic Pipes
a. Rigid Type

b. Flexible Type

Rigid Type of Plastic Pipes:

1. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

2. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)

3. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)

4. Acrylonitrile Butabiene Styrene (ABS)

5. Polypropylene (PP)

6. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)

Piping is often used to describe high-
performance in conveyance of fluids in
specialized applications.
Example:
* High Pressure
* High Flow
* High Temperature
* Hazardous Materials
Flexible Types:
1. Polyethylene (PE)

2. Polybutylene (PB)
 Advantages of Plastic Pipe:
1. Plastic pipe is more resistant to rust and corrosion
2. Water conveyed by plastic pipe has no pipe tastes
3. The extreme smooth interior surface prevents the
buildup of scale, rust and foreign material that
often impedes through metallic pipes.
4. There is no turbulence of water and therefore, has
a minimum resistance to flow
5. PVC Pipe and fittings weighs about 1/5 of the
metal pipe. And can be easily installed through
solvent cementing
6. Plastic pipes are cast in longer length and easy to
cut as well as to install.
7. The Polyethylene (PE) pipe is flexible material that
weight about 1/8 as much as the metal pipe.
8. PVC pipe can be connected to existing metal pipe
using a threaded adapter
9. PVC is virtually acid proof to any chemical used in
recommended strengths around the home
10. No special tools are needed for installing PVC
except a rule to measure and saw to cut
11. The best reason at all: You can do it yourself
Fittings is used in pipe systems to connect
straight pipe or tubing sections, to
adopt to different sizes and shapes,
and for other purposes, such as
regulating or measuring fluid flow.
 Threaded brass, galvanized, stainless steel
and other non copper fittings are
often threaded, and the stanard
used if often is the National Pipe
Thread (NPT)
- is fairly self-explanatory, simply
twist the fitting onto your pipe.
However youll need to take care
not to unscrew the other end of the
pipe.
 Compression are one of the quickest and
easiest ways to join two lines.
These connections are typically
used on hard copper pipe and
soft tubing that has 3/8 or
smaller outside diameter.
- though regularly used instead
of soldering, compression
connections should only be
installed in stationary situations
with little movement or impact
on the plumbing. If such activity
is expected soldering is
recommended. Compression
fittings are intended for one-time
use only.
 Flare connections are used when water
pressure is high, or for gas
distribution: applications with
higherpressures than a compression fitting
could handle. When used with softer
copper, a special tool ( flaring tool) is
used to flare the tubing, modifying its
shape to facilitate a tight seal with the
cone-shaped flare piece.
 Soldered Connection - To make
a solder connection, a
chemical flux is applied to the
inner sleeve of a sleeve type joint,
and the pipe is inserted. The joint
is then heated using a propane
gas or MAPP gas torch, solder
is applied to the heated joint, and
the melted solder is drawn into
the joint by capillary action as the
flux vaporizes.
 Flanged Connection - Flanges are generally used when
there is a connection to valves, in-line instruments
and/or connection to equipment nozzles is required.
Flange fittings generally involve pressing two surfaces
to be joined tightly together, by means of
threaded bolts,wedges, clamps, or other means of
applying high compressive forces. Often,
agasket, packing, or an O-ring is installed between the
flanges to prevent leakage, but it is sometimes possible
to use only a special grease, or nothing at all, if the
mating surfaces are precisely formed. Flanges are
designed to the following pressure ratings: 150 lb,
300 lb, 400 lb, 600 lb, 900 lb,1500 lb and 2500 lb or 10
Bar, 15Bar, 25Bar, 40Bar, 64Bar, 100Bar and 150Bar.
 Crimped or Pressed Fittings - Crimped or
pressed connections use special fittings which
are permanently attached to tubing with a
powered crimper. The special fittings,
manufactured with sealant already inside, slide
over the tubing to be connected. High pressure
is used to deform the fitting and compress the
sealant against the inner tubing, creating a
leakproof seal.
 Solvent Welding - A solvent is applied to PVC,
CPVC, ABS, or other plastic piping, to partially
dissolve and fuse the adjacent surfaces of piping
and fitting. Solvent welding is usually used with a
sleeve-type joint, to connect pipe and fittings made
of the same (or closely compatible) material.
Unlike regular welding of metals, solvent
welding is relatively easy to perform, although
care is still needed to produce reliable joints.
Solvents typically used for plastics are
usually toxic, may be carcinogenic, and may also
be flammable, requiring adequate ventilation.
 Bard Connection - Barbed fittings are used to
connect flexible tubing (including garden hoses) to
metal or plastic piping. The barbed end of the
fitting is pushed into the hose, and a clamp
tightened around it to secure a seal. Barbs are sized
by the ID of the hose to be connected. The other
end typically utilizes an IPS (MIPS or FIPS), GHT
or slip connection. These types of fittings are
commonly used in commercial beverage
applications, such as tap lines or soda fountains.
 Definition of Fittings
A fitting is used in pipe systems to connect
straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to
different sizes or shapes, and for other
purposes, such as regulating or
measuring fluid flow.
 Elbow - An elbow is a pipe fitting installed
between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow
a change of direction, usually a 90 or
45 angle, though 22.5 elbows are also made.
The ends may be machined for butt
welding, threaded (usually female),
or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in
size, the fitting is called a reducing
elbow or reducer elbow.
 Elbows are categorized based on various design features as
below:
Long Radius (LR) Elbows radius is 1.5 times the pipe
diameter
Short Radius (SR) Elbows radius is 1.0 times the pipe
diameter
90 Degree Elbow where change in direction required is 90
60 Degree Elbow where change in direction required is 60
45 Degree Elbow where change in direction required is 45
A 90 degree elbow is also called a "90 bend" or "90 ell". It is a
fitting which is bent in such a way to produce 90 degree
change in the direction of flow in the pipe. It is used to
change the direction in piping and is also sometimes called a
"quarter bend". A 90 degree elbow attaches readily to
plastic, copper, cast iron, steel and lead. It can also attach to
rubber with stainless steel clamps. It is available in many
materials like silicone, rubber compounds, galvanized steel,
etc. The main application of an elbow (90 degree) is to
connect hoses to valves, water pressure pumps, and deck
drains. These elbows can be made from tough nylon
 A 45 degree elbow is also called a "45 bend" or "45 ell". It is commonly
used in water supply facilities, food industrial pipeline networks,
chemical industrial pipeline networks, electronic industrial pipeline
networks, air conditioning facility pipeline, agriculture and garden
production transporting system, pipeline network for solar energy
facility, etc.
Most elbows are available in short radius or long radius variants. The
short radius elbows have a center-to-end distance equal to the Nominal
Pipe Size (NPS) in inches, while the long radius is 1.5 times the NPS in
inches. Short elbows are widely available, and are typically used in
pressurized systems.
Long elbows are typically used in low-pressure gravity-fed systems and
other applications where low turbulence and minimum deposition of
entrained solids are of concern. They are readily available in acrylonitrile
butadiene styrene (ABS plastic), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for DWV,
sewage and central vacuums, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and
copper for 1950s to 1960s houses with copper drains.
 Coupling - connects two pipes to each other. If
the size of the pipe is not the same, the
fitting may be called a reducing
coupling or reducer, or an adapter. By
convention, the term "expander" is not
generally used for a coupler that
increases pipe size; instead the term
"reducer" is used. There are two
different types of couplings: slip and
regular couplings
 Union - A union is similar to a coupling, except it is
designed to allow quick and convenient disconnection
of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement. While
a coupling would require either solvent
welding, soldering or being able to rotate with all the
pipes adjacent as with a threaded coupling, a union
provides a simple transition, allowing easy connection
or disconnection at any future time. A standard union
pipe is made in three parts consisting of a nut, a female
end, and a male end. When the female and male ends
are joined, the nut then provides the necessary
pressure to seal the joint. Since the mating ends of the
union are interchangeable, changing of a valve or other
device can be achieved with a minimum loss of time.
Pipe unions are essentially a type of flange connector,
as discussed further below.
 - In addition to standard, simple unions, other types of
union exist:
Dielectric unions are unions with dielectric insulation, used
to separate dissimilar metals (such as copper and galvanized
steel) to avoid the damaging effects of galvanic corrosion.
When two dissimilar metals are in contact with an
electrically conductive solution (even tap water is
conductive), they will form a battery and generate a voltage
byelectrolysis. When the two metals are in direct contact
with each other, the electric current from one metal to the
other will cause a movement of ions from one to the other,
dissolving one metal and depositing it on the other. A
dielectric union breaks the electric current path with a
plastic liner between two halves of the union, thus limiting
galvanic corrosion.
Rotary unions are unions that allow for rotation of one of
the united parts.
 Reducer - A reducer allows for a change in
pipe size to meet hydraulic flow
requirements of the system, or to
adapt to existing piping of a
different size. Reducers are
usually reducer
concentric but eccentric are used
when required to maintain the
same top- or bottom-of-pipe
level. Material ASTM A234
WPB
 Tee - is the most common pipe fitting. It is available
with all female thread sockets, all solvent weld sockets,
or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet
with female threads. It is used to either combine or
split a fluid flow. It is a type of pipe fitting which is T-
shaped having two outlets, at 90 to the connection to
the main line. It is a short piece of pipe with a lateral
outlet. A tee is used for connecting pipes of different
diameters or for changing the direction of pipe runs.
They are made of various materials and available in
various sizes and finishes. They are extensively used in
pipeline networks to transport two-phase fluid
mixtures. They are categorized as:
 - Equal
Unequal
When the size of the branch is same as header pipes,
equal tee is used and when the branch size is less than
that of header size, reduced tee will be used. Most
common are tees with the same inlet and outlet sizes.
Some of the industrial tees are Straight Tee, Reducing
Tee, Double Branch Tee, Double Branch Reducing Tee,
Conical Tee, Double Branch Conical Tee, Bullhead Tee,
Conical Reducing Tee, Double Branch Conical
Reducing Tee, Tangential Tee, and Double Branch
Tangential Tee.
 Cross - Cross fittings are also called 4-way fittings. If a
branch line passes completely through a tee, the fitting
becomes a cross. A cross has one inlet and three outlets,
or vice versa. They often have solvent welded socket
ends or female threaded ends.
Cross fittings can generate a huge amount of stress on
pipe as temperature changes, because they are at the
center of four connection points. A tee is more steady
than a cross, as a tee behaves like a three-legged stool,
while a cross behaves like a four-legged stool.
(Geometrically, "any 3 non-collinear points define a
plane" thus 3 legs are inherently stable.) Crosses are
common in fire sprinkler systems, where stresses
caused by thermal expansion are not generally an
issue, but not in plumbing, due to their extra cost as
compared to using two tees.
 Cap - A type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or
gas tight, which covers the end of a pipe. A cap
is used like plug, except that the pipe cap
screws or attaches on the male thread of a pipe.
A cap may have a solvent weld socket end or a
female threaded end and the other end closed
off. In plumbing systems that use threads, the
cap has female threads. Industrial caps can be
round, square, rectangular, U-shaped, I-shaped
and may have a round hand grip or a flat hand
grip.

 Plug - A type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or gas

tight, which covers the end of a pipe. A cap is used
like plug, except that the pipe cap screws or
attaches on the male thread of a pipe. A cap may
have a solvent weld socket end or a female
threaded end and the other end closed off. In
plumbing systems that use threads, the cap has
female threads. Industrial caps can be round,
square, rectangular, U-shaped, I-shaped and may
have a round hand grip or a flat hand grip.
 Nipple - A short stub of pipe, usually
threaded steel, brass, chlorinated polyvinyl
chloride (CPVC) or copper; occasionally just
bare copper. A nipple is defined as being a
short stub of pipe which has external male pipe
threads at each end, for connecting two other
fittings. Nipples are commonly used for
plumbing and hoses, and second as valves for
funnels and pipes
 Barb - A "barb" or "hose barb" fitting is used to
connect flexible hose or tubing to pipes. A barb
fitting typically has a male-threaded end used to
mate with female threads. The other end of the
fitting has either a single- or multiple-barbed tube
having a tapered stub with ridges, which is
inserted into a flexible hose to secure it. An
adjustable worm drive screw clamp or other type
of clamp is often added, to help to keep the hose
from slipping off the barbed tube. Barb fittings can
be made of brass for hot water applications, while
plastic may be used for cold water; brass is
considered more robust and durable for heavy-
duty use. The barb fitting can be either elbow-
shaped or straight.
 Wye - A fitting with three openings, a wye is
used to join or create branch lines. It is a type of
waste fitting tee which has the side inlet pipe
entering at a 45 angle, or an angle other than
90 degrees. A standard wye is a "Y" shaped
fitting which allows one pipe to be joined to
another at a 45 degree angle.
 Valve - Valves are equipment designed to stop or regulate
flow of any fluid (liquid, gas, condensate, stem, slurry, etc.)
in its path. Valves are categorized depending on their
applications like isolation, throttling, and non-return.
Various type of valves are available depending upon the
type of construction as follows:
Gate valve used for isolation only
Plug valve used for isolation only
Globe valve used for throttling
Butterfly valve used for isolation as well as throttling
Check valve used for preventing reverse flow (non-return)
Diaphragm valve used for isolation as well as throttling
Ball valve used for isolation only
Needle Valve used to control flow rate to a desired
amount