ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Prepared by:
Mrs. Cristina P. Soriano
CHE Department
TIP-QC
 Intended Learning Outcomes
The students should be able to:
Identify atom, ions, isotopes and molecules

Determine the atomic number, mass number and relative

atomic mass of an atom

Write the atomic symbol

Count the number of electrons, protons and neutrons

Differentiate cations and anions

Importance of atoms
Properties of matter are determined by the
arrangement of the atoms
Chemical processes depend on the atomic
structures of the reacting substances
DEFINITION OF ATOM
Basic unit of an element that can enter into
chemical reaction
Tiny particles that composed matter
The smallest particle of any element that still
retains the characteristics of that element
From a Greek word atomos, which means
uncuttable orindivisible
(by Democritus a Greek philosopher)
The Structure of Atom
Atom is composed of smaller particles
called subatomic particles which
include:
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
 Subatomic Particles
1 amu = 1.6605 x 10-24 g
Protons and neutrons are nearly 2000 times
more massive than electrons

Particle mass (amu) charge

Proton 1.007 +
Neutron 1.009 0
Electron 0.00055
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY
By John Dalton (1808)

Elements are composed of extremely small

particles called atoms.
All atoms of a given element are identical,
having the same size, mass and chemical
properties
DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY
By John Dalton (1808)
Compounds are composed of atoms of more
than one element. In any compound, the
ratio of the numbers of atoms of any two of
the element present is either an integer or a
simple fraction
A chemical reaction involves only the
separation, combination or rearrangement of
atoms; it does not result in their creation or
destruction.
Joseph John Thomson (1897)
Physicist who worked on cathode rays in
1897
discovered the electron, and concluded
that they were a component of every
atom
overturned the belief that atoms are the
indivisible, ultimate particles of matter
Plum pudding model
by J. J. Thomson (1904)
postulated that the low mass,
negatively charged electrons
were distributed throughout
the atom, possibly rotating in
rings, with their charge
balanced by the presence of a
uniform sea of positive charge
Earnest Rutherford
gold foil experiment or
GeigerMarsden experiment
bombarded a sheet of gold foil with
alpha raysby positively charged
helium atomsand discovered that a
small percentage of these particles
were deflected through much larger
angles than was predicted using
Thomson's proposal
Rutherford Model
Based on gold foil
experiment suggesting
that the positive charge
of a heavy gold atom
and most of its mass
was concentrated in a
nucleus at the center of
the atom
James Chadwick
an English physicist who was awarded
the 1935 Nobel Prize in physics for his
discovery of the neutron in 1932
Neil Bohr model of Atom
Nucleus- centermost
part of atom where
protons and neutrons
are located
Energy level/orbit/shell-
where electrons are
located
Valence electrons-
electrons in the
outermost energy level
 Bohrs postulate
(a) The electron revolves in circular orbits around the
nucleus which are restricted by the quantization of
angular momentum i.e. they revolve in orbits where
the angular momentum of electron is an integral
multiple of h/2p, where h is Planck's constant.
mvr = nh/2p
(b) The energy of the atom has a definite value in a
stationary orbit. The electron can also absorb energy
from some source and jump from a lower energy
level to a higher energy level.
Sommerfield model of atom
Solar system
depiction of atomic
structure.

Emphasizes proton,
neutron and electron
distribution; does
not accurately depict
current accepted
model of atomic
structure.
Modern atomic model
Electrons are
depicted as clouds
of negative charge
surrounding the
nucleus.

The density of the

small dots is related
to the probability of
finding an electron
at a particular
location.
Atom
The atom is a
basic unit of matter
that consists of a
dense central
nucleus
surrounded by a
cloud of negatively
charged electrons
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
an instrument for
imaging surfaces at
the atomic level
Invented by Gerd
Binnig and Heinrich
Rohrer
Atomic Number, Mass number
and Atomic Symbol
Atomic Number
Atomic Number, Z, is the number of
protons in a nucleus.
identifies the element
Atomic Number = number of protons
If Atom is neutral:
number of protons = number of electrons
 Mass Number

Mass Number, A, is the sum of the number of

protons and neutrons (nucleons) in a
nucleus
Mass Number = Protons + Neutrons
Mass Number = number of nucleons
Atomic Symbols
Information regarding atomic structure is
written in scientific shorthand called the
atomic symbol.
A
Z E
E is the atomic symbol for element
Superscript A is the mass number.
Subscript Z is the atomic number.
Atomic Masses
Entry for carbon on
the periodic table.

Z=6

Relative atomic
mass = 12.011
(~99% carbon-12)
12
6 C Element Symbol: C
 Determining the number of protons,neutrons
and electrons
Symbol Atomic Mass proton neutrons electrons
number Number
H 1 1

He 2 2 2

25 55 25 25

82 125 82
Au
Isotopes, Ions and Molecules
Isotopes
Atoms that have the same atomic number but
different mass number
Atoms of an element that differ in the
number of neutrons in their nucleus.
same Z but different A

Isotopic abundance is the mass percentage of

an isotope in a naturally occurring element.
 Isotopes of Hydrogen

Isotopes protons electrons neutrons

Protium 1 1 0
Deuterium 1 1 1
Tritium 1 1 2
Isotopes of Carbon
Isotopes

Mass spectrometers can measure the masses

of atoms, isotopes, and molecules.
Isotopes

Mass spectrum showing carbon isotopes.

ATOMIC MASS AND
RELATIVE(AVERAGE) ATOMIC MASS
Atomic Mass
Sometimes called atomic weight
Mass of the atom in atomic mass unit
(amu)
 Atomic Mass Unit (amu)

Atomic Mass Unit (amu) mass exactly equal to

one-twelfh the mass of Carbon-12 atom
Provides relative scale for the mass of elements
Setting the atomic mass of carbon-12 at
12.000amu provides the standard for measuring
the atomic mass of other elements
 Example Problem
Experiments have shown that on
average, a Hydrogen is only 8.40 as
massive as carbon-12 atom. What is
the atomic mass of Hydrogen?
Mercury is 16.716 times more massive
as carbon-12. What is the atomic mass
of mercury?
Relative Atomic Mass or
Average Atomic Mass
Relative atomic mass for an element is an
average of the atomic masses for the
naturally occurring isotopes for an element.
Average mass of the naturally occurring
mixture of isotopes
Example Problem
The natural abundances of C-12 is 98.93%, C-13 is
1.07%. The atomic mass of C-13 has been
determined to be 13.0036amu. What is the average
atomic mass of carbon?
Solution:
Carbon-12 = 12.0000 x 0.9893 = 11.871 amu

Carbon-13 = 13.0036 x 0.0107 = 0.1391 amu

Average mass = 11.87 + 0.139 = 12.01 amu

Example problem
The chlorine present in PVC has two
stable isotopes: 35Cl, with a mass of
34.97 amu and 75.77% abundance;
and 37Cl, with a mass of 36.95 amu.
What is the atomic mass of chlorine?
Example Problem
Gallium is a metallic element found in
small lasers used in compact disc
players. In a sample of gallium, there
is 60.2 % of Gallium-69(68.9 amu)
atoms and 39.8% of gallium-71 (70.9
amu) atoms. What is the atomic mass
of gallium
 Example Problem
A sample of Boron consists of Boron-10
(10.0 amu) and Boron-11 (11.0 amu). If
the average atomic mass of B is 10.8 amu,
what is the percent abundance of each
boron isotopes?
Ions
Charged particles
Formed when the number of protons
and electrons in an atom are not equal.
Formed when electrons are lost or
gained
An atom or a group of atoms that has a
net (+) or (-) charge.
IONS

CATION
Ion formed when electron is lost in a
chemical reaction
Ion with a net positive (+) charge
Example:
Proton Electron Net Charge
Na 11 11 0
Na+ 11 10 +1
Formation of Cation

ANION
Ion formed when electron is gained in a
chemical reaction
Ion with a net negative (-) charged
Proton Electron Net Charge
Cl 17 17 0
Cl- 17 18 -1
Formation of Anion

 IONS
A monatomic ion is derived from a single atom.

A polyatomic ion is derived from a group of atoms

with an overall charge.
monoatomic ions


 Ions and Their Properties
An element and its ion have the same chemical
symbol but different properties.
Sodium metal atoms lose an electron to form sodium
cations.
Sodium metal reacts violently with water.
Chlorine gas molecules gain electrons to form chlorine
anions (chloride).
Chlorine gas reacts violently with sodium metal.
Ionic compounds containing sodium cation and chlorine
anion dissolve in water without reacting.
MOLECULES
An aggregate of at least 2 atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by
chemical bond
May contain atoms of the same element
or atoms of 2 or more elements joined
in a fixed ratio.
Molecules are electrically neutral.
MOLECULES
Diatomic molecules
(a) containing 2 atoms of the same element
Example: H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
(b) containing 2 atoms of different element
Example: CO
Polyatomic molecules contain more that 2
atoms
Example: H20, NH3
Examples of polyatomic
molecules

 Exercise
Symbol Atomic Mass protons neutrons electrons
number number
53 127
84 36
16 16 18
106 60
Ba+2
Hg 200
64 48
56 26