ENVIRONMENTAL Prepared by:

ENGINEERING - LECTURE 3: R. Tavares,

RME
MATERIALS AND ENERGY
BALANCE
 MATERIALS AND ENERGY BALANCE

Tools in achieving a quantitative understanding of

the behavior of environmental systems.
Method of accounting the flow of energy and
minerals into and out of the environmental systems.
Mass balance provides a tool for modeling the
production, transport, and fate of pollutants in the
environment.
Energy balance provides a tool for modeling the
production, transport, and fate of energy in the
environment.
 APPLICATION OF MATERIAL AND ENERGY
BALANCE

Mass Balance

Prediction of rainwater runoff

Determination of solid waste production from mining
operations
Oxygen balance in streams
Auditing of hazardous waste production

Energy balance
Estimation of the efficiency of thermal processes
Predicting temperature rise in a stream from the
discharge of cooling water from a power plant.
 UNIFYING THEORIES

Conservation of Mass mass can neither be created

nor destroyed.

Conservation of Energy energy can neither be

created nor destroyed but could be transformed from
one form to another and vice versa.

Conservation of Mass and Energy the total amount

of energy and matter is constant.
 MATERIAL BALANCE

Control
volume

system

Mass going in, min Mass going out, mout

Mass Balance
min = mout
Mass entering + Initial Stored Final Stored Mass leaving
= +
the system, min mass, mi mass, mf the system, mout
min + mi = mf + mout
mf mi = min mout
where: mf mi = accumulation
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

1. Mr. and Mrs. K. Alat Co have no children. In an average week they

purchase and bring into their house approximately 50 kg of consumer
goods (food, magazines, newspapers, appliances, furniture, and assorted
packaging). Of this amount, 50 % is consumed as food. Half of the food
is used for biological maintenance and ultimately released as CO2; the
remainder is discharged into the sewer system. The K. Alat Co recycle
approximately 25% of the solid waste that is generated. Approximately 1
kg accumulates in the house. Estimate the amount of solid waste they
place at the curb each week.
2. Pining Garcia is filling her bathtub but she forgot to put the plug in. If the
volume of water for a bath is 0.350 m3 and the tap is flowing at 1.32
L/min and the drain is running at 0.32 L/min, how long will it take to fill
the tub to bath level? Assuming Pining shuts off the water when the tub
is full and does not flood the house, how much water will be wasted?
Water density is 1000 kg/m3.
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

3. A storm sewer network in a small residential subdivision is shown. The storm sewer
flows by gravity in the direction shown. Storm water only enters the storm sewer on
east-west legs of pipe. No storm water enters on the north-south legs. The flow rate for
each section of pipe is also shown. The capacity of each pipe is 120 L/s. During large
rain storms River Street floods below junction number 1 because the flow of water
exceeds the capacity of the storm sewer pipe. To alleviate this problem and to provide
extra capacity for expansion, it is proposed to build a retention pond to hold the storm
water until the storm is over and then gradually release it. Where in the pipe network
should the retention pond be built to provide approximately 50% extra capacity
(60L/s) in the remaining system?
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

0.005 0.01 0.01 0.01

10 11 12 N

0.005 0.01 0.01 0.01

7 8 9
All flow rates
0.01 0.01 0.01
In m3/s
0.005

4 5 6

River Street
1 2 3
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

4. The air pollution control equipment on a municipal waste incinerator includes a

fabric filter particle collector (known as a baghouse). The baghouse contain 424 cloth
bags arranged in parallel, that is 1/424 of the flow goes through each bag. The gas
flow rate into and out of the baghouse is 47 m3 per sec, and the concentration of
particles entering the baghouse is 15 g per m3. In normal operation the baghouse
particulate discharge meets the regulatory limit of 24 mg/m3. During preventive
maintenance replacement of the bags, one bag is inadvertently not replaced, so only
423 bags are in place.
Calculate the fraction of particulate matter removed and the efficiency of
particulate removal when all 424 bags are in place and the emissions comply with the
regulatory requirements. Estimate the mass emission rate when one of the bags is
missing and recalculate the efficiency of the baghouse. Assume the efficiency for
each individual bag is the same as the overall efficiency for the baghouse.
 MATERIAL BALANCE + REACTION

Accumulation rate = input rate output rate transformation rate

()
= +

where: r = reaction rate

where: k = reaction rate constant, per sec or per day

C = concentration of substance
n = exponent or reaction order
(-) sign indicates decay or disappearance
 MATERIAL BALANCE + REACTION

1. A well-mixed sewage lagoon (a shallow pond) is receiving 430 m3/day of sewage

out of a sewer pipe. The lagoon has a surface area of 10 ha (hectares) and a
depth of 1.0 m. The pollutant concentration in the raw sewage discharging into
the lagoon is 180 mg/L. The organic matter in the sewage degrades biologically
(decay) in the lagoon according to first-order kinetics. The reaction rate constant
(decay coefficient) is 0.70/day. Assuming no other water losses or gains
(evaporation, seepage, or rainfall) and that the lagoon is completely mixed, find
the steady-state concentration of the pollutant in the lagoon effluent.
2. A wastewater treatment plant must disinfect its effluent before discharging the
wastewater to a nearby stream. The wastewater contains 4.5 x 105 fecal coliform
colony-forming units (CFU) per litre. The maximum permissible fecal coliform
concentration that may be discharged is 2000 fecal coliform CFU/L. It is
proposed that a pipe carrying the wastewater be used for disinfection process.
Determine the length of pipe required if the linear velocity of the wastewater in
the pipe is 0.75 m/s. Assume that the pipe behaves as a steady-state plug-flow
system and that the reaction rate constant for destruction of the fecal coliform is
0.23/min.
 QUIZ
20. JANUARY. 2012

1. A sanitary landfill has available space of 16.2 ha at an

average depth of 10 m. 765 m3 of solid waste is dumped at
the site 5 days a week. This waste is compacted to twice its
delivered density. Draw a mass-balance diagram and
estimate the expected life of the landfill in years.
2. A bankcrupt chemical firm has been taken over by new
management. On the property they found a 20,000-m3 brine
pond containing 25,000 mg/L of salt. The new owners
propose to flush the pond into their discharge pipe leading to
the Atlantic Ocean, which has a salt concentration above
30,000 mg/L. What flow rate of fresh water (m3/s) must
they use to reduce the salt concentration in the pond to 500
mg/L within one year?
 ENERGY BALANCE

The First Law of Thermodynamics

..(without nuclear reaction) energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

Energy the capacity to do useful work.

Work the result of an applied force acting on a body through a distance.
One (1) Joule (J) = 1 N m
Power the rate of doing work or the rate of expanding energy.
Calorie the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of
water from 14.5 oC to 15.5 oC. ( 1 cal = 4.186 J)
Specific Heat of a substance the quantity of heat required to increase a unit
mass of the substance one degree.
Enthalpy, h a composite form of energy made up of internal energy, u, flow
energy, Ef.
Latent Heat of Fusion (enthalpy of fusion) the energy required to cause a phase
change of a unit mass from a solid to a liquid at constant pressure.
Latent Heat of Vaporization (enthalpy of vaporization) the energy required to
cause a phase change of a unit mass from liquid to a gas at constant pressure.
 ENERGY BALANCE

1. Standard physiology texts report that a person weighing 70-kg requires approximately
2000 kcal for simple existence, such as eating and sitting in chair. Approximately 61%
of all the energy in the foods we eat becomes heat during the process of formation of
the energy-carrying molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Still more energy
becomes heat as it is transferred to functional systems of the cells. The functioning of
the cells releases still more energy so that ultimately all the energy released by
metabolic processes eventually becomes heat. Some of this heat is used to maintain
the body at a normal temperature of 37oC. What fraction of the 2000 kcal is used to
maintain the body temperature at 37oC, if the room temperature is 20oC? Assume
the specific heat of a human is 3.47 kJ/kg-K.
2. The Rhett Butler Peach, Co. dips the peaches in boiling water (100oC) to remove the
skin (blanching) before canning them. The wastewater from this process is high in
organic matter and it must be treated before disposal. The treatment process is a
biological process that operates at 20oC. Thus, the wastewater must be cooled to
20oC before disposal. 40m3 of wastewater is discharged to a concrete tank at a
temperature of 20oC to allow it to cool. Assuming no losses to the surroundings, that
the concrete tank has a mass of 42,000 kg and a specific heat capacity if 0.93 kJ/kg-
K, what is the equilibrium temperature of the concrete tank and the wastewater?