Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
PENGELOLAAN SDALH
PROBLEMATIK
LINGKUNGAN:
SEBAB-SEBAB
DAN
SUSTAINABILITAS
Diunduh dari : ..
MASALAH LINGKUNGAN
Beberapa masalah lingkungan yang terjadi akibat aktivitas manusia:
1. Perubahan iklim Pemanasan global Asap global Bahan bakar fosil Kenaikan
permukaan laut Gas rumah kaca Peningkatan keasaman laut
2. Konservasi Kepunahan spesies Penurunan jumlah polinator Pemutihan koral
Kejadian kepunahan holosen Spesies invasif Perburuan liar Spesies terancam
3. Bendungan Dampak lingkungan dari bendungan
4. Energi Konservasi energi Energi terbarukan Penggunaan energi yang efisien
Komersialisasi energi terbarukan
5. Rekayasa genetik Polusi genetik Kontroversi makanan hasil modifikasi genetik
6. Pertanian intensif Penggembalaan berlebihan Irigasi Monokultur Dampak
lingkungan dari produksi daging
7. Degradasi lahan Polusi tanah Desertifikasi
1. Tanah Konservasi tanah Erosi tanah Kontaminasi tanah Salinasi tanah
8. Penggunaan lahan Urbanisasi Fragmentasi habitat Penghancuran habitat
9. Nanoteknologi Nanotoksikologi Polusi nano
10. Masalah nuklir Keruntuhan nuklir Pelelehan nuklir Energi nuklir Sampah
radioaktif
11. Populasi berlebihan Kuburan
12. Pelubangan ozon CFC
13. Polusi Polusi cahaya Polusi suara Polusi visual
1. Polusi air Hujan asam Eutrofikasi Polusi laut Pembuangan sampah ke
laut Tumpahan minyak Polusi termal Krisis air Sampah laut Peningkatan
keasaman laut Polusi kapal Air limbah
2. Polusi udara Kabut asap Ozon troposferik Kualitas udara dalam ruangan
Bahan organik volatil Materi partikulat Sulfur dioksida
14. Penghilangan sumber daya alam Eksploitasi sumber daya alam
1. Konsumerisme Kapitalisme konsumen Konsumsi berlebihan
2. Penangkapan ikan Peledakkan Pukat dasar laut Penangkapan ikan
dengan sianida Jaring hantu Penangkapan ikan ilegal, tidak dilaporkan, dan
tidak diatur Penangkapan ikan berlebihan Sirip hiu Penangkapan ikan paus
3. Penebangan hutan Penebangan habis Deforestasi Penebangan hutan
ilegal
4. Pertambangan Drainase tambang asam Pertambangan terbuka
15. Racun klorofluorokarbon DDT Gangguan kelenjar endokrin Dioksin Logam
berat Herbisida Pestisida Limbah beracun Bifenil terklorinasi Akumulasi biologi
Biomagnifikasi
16. Limbah E-waste Sampah Pembuangan sampah sembarangan Sampah lautan
Tempat pembuangan akhir Leachate Daur ulang Insinerasi
The human population growth showed an exponential increase, with our global
population now at nearly 7 billion people. Check out the Worldometer for current
(real-time) population statisitcs.
Worldmapper has some interesting thematic maps showing the size of each country
relative to different statistics for example population, infant mortality, life span or
income. One good example of how a human population exceeded its carrying
capacity is Easter Island.
The Mystery of Easter Island describes how a once flourishing civilisation was
reduced to starvation, disease, war and cannabilism. This was also the title of an
excellent documentary. We also discussed the article More than 100 million women
are missing and Where did 100 million missing women go?
Population Growth
The growth of population is measured as increase in its size over a period of time
and populations show characteristic patterns of growth with time. These patterns are
known as population growth forms.
Diunduh dari : ..
PENYELESAIAN MASALAH
Memahami lingkungan
Mempraktekkan kelestarian-keberlanjutan
KONSEP 1-1B
Kehidupan lestari berarti kehidupan yang bertumpu pada income
alamiah bumi, tanpa mengurangi atau merusak modal alam
yang menghasilkan income tersebut.
Selain itu etika lingkungan juga dibedakan lagi sebagai etika pelestarian
dan etika pemeliharaan.
Miller dalam Darsono (1995): Ekologi adalah ilmu tentang hubungan timbal
balik antara organisme dan sesamanya serta dengan lingkungan tempat
tinggalnya.
Odum dalam Darsono (1995): Ekologi adalah kajian struktur dan fungsi alam,
tentang struktur dan interaksi antara sesame organism dengan lingkungannya
dan ekologi adalah kajian tentang rumah tangga bumi termasuk flora, fauna,
mikroorganisme dan manusia yang hidup bersama saling tergantung satu
sama lain
Soemarwoto dalam Darsono (1995) Ekologi adalah ilmu tentang hubungan
timbal balik antara makhluk hidup dengan lingkungannya.
Resosoedarmo dkk, (1985): ekologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari hubungan
timbal balik antara makhluk hidup dengan lingkungannya.
Penduduk atau warga suatu negara atau daerah bisa didefinisikan menjadi
dua:
Orang yang tinggal di daerah tersebut
Orang yang secara hukum berhak tinggal di daerah tersebut. Dengan kata
lain orang yang mempunyai surat resmi untuk tinggal di situ. Misalkan bukti
kewarganegaraan, tetapi memilih tinggal di daerah lain.
Dalam sosiologi, penduduk adalah kumpulan manusia yang menempati
wilayah geografi dan ruang tertentu.
(diunduh dari: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penduduk)
Beberapa definisi tentang ekologi politik yang asumsinya adalah sama yaitu:
environmental change and ecological conditions are (to some extent) the
product of political processes. Jika keadaan lingkungan adalah produk dari
prosesproses politik, maka tidak terlepas pula dalam hal ini adalah
keterlibatan prosesproses dialektik dalam politik ekonomi.
Bryant, R.L. 1998. Power, Knowledge and Political Ecology In The Third World:
a review. Progress in Physical Geography 22(1): 79-94.
Source: Zhang, W., Rickets, T., Kremen, C., Carney, K., Swinton, S. (2007). Ecosystem
services and dis-services to agriculture. Ecological Economics, 64: 253-260.
Diunduh dari : http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/soilwater/ecological/index.html..
SUMBERDAYA ALAM DAN JASA-JASANYA
Diunduh dari : ..
JASA-JASA:
UDARA-ATMOSFIR
Sun, wind, clouds, snow Cultural12 Aesthetic, spiritual and sensual properties of the
atmosphere, smell and taste
+ Sky, clouds Cultural
Diunduh dari :
JASA-JASA:
TANAH
Jasa-jasa tanah untuk penggunaan lahan yang lestari
Diunduh dari :
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTARD/0,,contentMDK:20452620~menu
PK:1308455~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336682,00.html..
JASA-JASA:
BIODIVERSITAS
Jasa-jasa yang dihasilkan Biodiversitas
Services provided by biodiversity can be broadly categorised into three areas:
Siklus Hara
The movement of elements such as nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorous
between different forms as they pass through the food chain. The elements
cycle between gas forms and compounds which are found in the soil and
living organisms. For example the nitrogen cycle; this is heavily reliant on
bacteria and involves the formation of nitrates (needed for making proteins
which are the functional molecules in all organisms) from atmospheric
nitrogen and then the break down of nitrogen compounds to nitrogen gas. The
nitrogen cycle is an important part of soil formation and soil fertility.
Produksi Primer
The capturing of energy from the sun by plants and using this to convert
carbon dioxide into organic compounds. This provides food for all other
species on the planet. This is part of the carbon cycle which is being
unbalanced by the release of carbon dioxide by the burning of fossil fuels.
1. Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are found within the rocks of the Earth's surface. They
are called fossil fuels because they are thought to have been
formed many millions of years ago by geological processes acting
on dead animals and plants, just like fossils.
Coal, oil and natural gas are fossil fuels. Because they took millions
of years to form, once they are used up they cannot be replaced.
2. Nuclear fuel
Nuclear fuel makes use of the radioactivity of some elements. The
nucleus in the atom may spontaneously break down to release
energy and produce fast-moving particles, atoms of other elements.
The fast-moving particles that are ejected can also strike other
atoms, causing them to break down.
Placing the atoms close together in a fuel rod means that atoms are
more likely to be struck by these particles, and so produce more
nuclear reactions. As the reactions proceed heat is produced. The
task of a nuclear reactor is to control the reaction so that a steady
flow of heat is produced.
Diunduh dari : ..
Percentage of World's:
18%
Population 82%
Population 0.1%
growth
1.5%
Life 77 years
expectancy
66 years
Wealth and
85%
income
15%
Resource
use 88%
12%
Pollution
and waste 75%
25%
Diunduh dari : ..
Bagaimana footprint ekologi kita mempengaruhi bumi
?
KONSEP 1-3
As our ecological footprints grow, we are depleting
and degrading more of the earths natural capital.
The fact that today's activities are imposing a heavy burden on the earth's
capacity has led to an increasing interest in environmental issues. It is
emphasized that rapid production growth has exhausted natural resources
and polluted the environment.
The objective of this essay is to offer a clear definition of natural capital,
connect it to a qualitative concept of sustainability and, supported by two
analytical models and a set of studies on related environmental literature, to
show that sustainability can be attained via imposition of controls over
production processes that use depletable natural resources and generate
pollution.
The methodology used contemplates an integrative approach combining a
qualitative (seeking definitions)-analytical (appraising models) apparatus to
reach a new conceptual perspective to conceive sustainability. As the main
essay's contribution, it is showed that sustainability can be reached if
compensation is allowed for, i.e., stocks of renewable being augmented as
production depletes the stocks of nonrenewable natural resources. Moreover,
that result is possible even considering nondecreasing output production, an
important finding to contrast with the current environmentally based output
growth literature, which asserts that slowing down output production is the
only way to obtain sustainability.
The natural resource can be either extracted and sold to the producing
firms, or bequeathed to the offspring to increase his adult disposable
income.
This paper considers the question of whether sustainable forest management (SFM)
should continue to incorporate sustained yield (SY) requirements, as it currently does
in many jurisdictions.
We evaluate the extent to which SY and SFM are consistent with notions of weak
and (or) strong sustainability.
Strong sustainability implies placing constraints on the reduction of stocks of natural
capital to prevent irreversibility and (or) protect flows of services that have public
good characteristics.
In contrast, weak sustainability may allow market forces to draw down stocks of
natural capital so long as levels of total capital (including human-made and natural
capital) are maintained.
We argue that with SY policies, we have probably chosen to attach strong
sustainability policies to the only forest resource that does not need such protection
(i.e., timber), while we have excluded other resources that could well need such
protection (e.g., biodiversity) for pursuing SFM.
Thus, the concept of allowable annual cuts could be dropped from SFM to be
replaced by safe minimum standards on components of forest capital that are subject
to irreversibility and (or) that have public good features. In other words, if we truly
wish to pursue SFM, it may be necessary to leave SY behind.
Changes in weather
Heat and heat waves
Rain, snow, and drought
Stormy weather
Changes in ecosystems
Polar and mountainous regions
Plant life
Wildlife
The primary effect of habitat destruction is a reduction in biodiversity, i.e. the variety and
abundance of different species of animals and plants in a particular setting.
Climate Regulation
Biodiversity affects climate mainly through regulation of the amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere. Destruction of forest habitats reduces the capacity of forests to absorb carbon
dioxide. The growth rate and woodiness of a plant determines the rate of carbon turnover
within it. Landscape patterns are also important since carbon sequestration is reduced at
the edges of forest fragments. Marine ecosystems also play a significant role in carbon
sequestration.
Read more:
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Effects_on_the_environment_when_species_extinc
t#ixzz22F4lNAl2
Additionally, the loss of filtering services has the potential to increase the risks
of harmful algal blooms (e.g. red tide), oxygen depletion and declining water
quality. Meanwhile, coastal flooding was also increased as a result of species
extinction. Although this event is linked to sea level rise, historical losses of
floodplain and erosion control provided by coastal wetlands, reefs and
submerged vegetation is also responsible.
Here are the things world needs to do in order to solve water pollution issue:
1. Strict laws and frequent monitoring of water bodies in order to avoid scenarios that include
huge quantities of different chemicals being discharged either directly or indirectly into our
rivers, lakes, and streams.
2. Better education of the people. People, especially the ones living in developing countries,
need to be more educated and learn that water is the most precious resource in our planet.
3. Enable more funds to adequately treat waste water and sewage waste.
4. Frequent chemical, biological and physical testing of different water bodies in order to prevent
water pollution from reaching higher levels.
5. Massive fines for industries and people that purposely dump waste and other chemicals into
different water bodies.
6. More wastewater treatment facilities so that there is more water discharged back into the
environment without posing threat to our health and our environment. World also needs to
force wastewater treatment facilities to pull more pollutants from their discharge.
7. Decrease the amount of pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture because advanced
agriculture based on heavy use of different chemicals is one of the main factors behind
growing water pollution issue.
8. Cleaning up polluted rivers and other polluted water bodies. Cleaning polluted water bodies is
very expensive procedure but this is really a small price to pay when considering harmful
effects of polluted water to our heath and our environment.
9. Better use of science. Science needs to focus more on finding the new "revolutionary"
solution to clean polluted water bodies such as for instance using carbon nanotubes to clean
polluted water.
10. Water pollution needs to be tackled at both regional as well as global level because all
environmental issues are becoming global and water pollution issue is certainly no exception.
1. The destruction of life in the oceans has progressed farther than anyone had
suspected, according to a new report in SCIENCE magazine.[1] The causes are
overfishing and pollution,[2] but the focus of the new report is overfishing alone.
SCIENCE is the voice of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
(AAAS).
2. The world's catch of ocean fish peaked in 1989 and has been declining since. In the
early 1990s, scientists reported that 13 of the world's 17 major fisheries were depleted
or in steep decline.[2] Typical is the Grand Banks fishery off the shallow coast of
Newfoundland in the north Atlantic. There, after 350 years of commercial exploitation,
the haddock, cod and flounder have all but disappeared and the fishery was officially
closed a few years ago.
3. The depletion of the world's most popular fish species has set off three trends, each of
which is adding to the oceans' troubles: (1) fisherman are adopting new technologies
that (2) allow them to fish in deeper waters, and (3) they are fishing lower on the food
chain.
CAUSES OF OVERFISHING
1. The problem of overfishing is being fueled by an increase in demand for fish that in turn is
fueled by increased affluence (more people can afford fish as they become richer) and
people eating fish for health reasons. Almost a billion people rely on fish for protein.
2. Fish that not so long ago hardly anybody wanted except Japan now are in high demand
and cooperatives and trading companies in a number of countries are competing to
acquire them, driving up their price.
3. The biggest consumers of herring, mackerel, anchovies and sardines are agriculture and
aquiculture for feed for farmed fish and protein sources for pigs and cattle
4. Companies out to please their shareholders fish only for immediate profit, exploiting every
loophole to continue.
5. Poor regulation and monitoring are serious problems. Fishing boats routinely report false
data on their catches.
6. Despite plummeting fish stocks overfishing is accelerating around the globe, encouraged
in part by $30 billion in annual subsidies for fishing boats, fuel and other assistance, with
the biggest subsidies found in Asia and Europe.
Diunduh dari:
http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=2196&catid=53&subcatid=340
Diunduh dari : ..
Total Ecological Footprint (million Per Capita Ecological
hectares) and share of Global Footprint (hectares per
Ecological Capacity (%) person)
Projected footprint
Earths
ecological
capacity
Ecological footprint
Diunduh dari : ..
PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN DAN APA YANG DAPAT
KITA LAKUKAN ?
KONSEP 1-4
Preventing pollution is more effective and less costly
than cleaning up pollution.
Ohio Pollution
Prevention and
Waste
Minimization
Planning
Guidance Manual
"A pollution
prevention
program involves
developing and
implementing a
continuous strategy
to address all waste
generated by a
facility and
procedures for
prioritizing and
systematically
reducing these
wastes.
KONSEP 1-5B
People with different environmental worldviews often
disagree about the seriousness of environmental problems
and what we should do about them.
Conditions are found for which at low wage rates, further wage reductions actually
lower profits. These conditions turn out to be necessary and sufficient for the
existence of a range of low wages characterized by a free-access equilibrium.
This provides some clues as to why free access may be more prevalent in less-
developed countries for certain types of resources. It is also shown that an increase
in resource price cannot lead an owner to abandon his site to a free-access
exploitation.
Diunduh dari :
PEMANFAATAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM YANG
TIDAK LESTARI
Unsustainable Resource Use Threatens Humanity's
Future
By J.R. Pegg
WASHINGTON, DC, March 30, 2005 (ENS)
Human activities are rapidly changing the Earth's natural environment and
threaten the planet's capacity to support future generations, according to the
most comprehensive analysis ever conducted of the world's ecosystems.
Diunduh dari : .
http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/36496/PovertyEnvironment.pdf.
KEMISKINAN DAN LINGKUNGAN
Plants, shrubs and grass species falls under producers because they can
generate their own food by a process called photosynthesis. Consumers are
those which depends on producers for their food. Lion, deer, tiger, bear, zebra, rat,
fox and other animals falls into this category.
Now suppose if the number of producers decline over the period of time. It will
affect the consumers who depend directly on producers and those who depend on
other consumers for their food. What happens is the instability of the system and
probably the extinction of some of species.
Though the ecosystem can recover the damage, but that is slow and time bound.
But it can happen only if the rate of recovery is equal to the rate of damage. Once
the rate of damage exceeds the rate of recovery, the ecosystem loses its power to
recover. It is called carrying capacity.
Diunduh dari : http://www.environmentabout.com/761/what-is-carrying-capacity-of-
environment-and-ecosystem..
DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN AKIBAT
KEMISKINAN
Diunduh dari : ..
KEMISKINAN DAN SANITASI
This article analyses poverty, in the light of the prevailing methodological and
definitional debates, in Gujarat, one of the fastest growing states in India. We
examine the divergence between the official and nutrition-based poverty lines
(PLs) and analyse its possible causes.
First, to study whether the PL bundle has changed over time, we test whether
poverty is sensitive to changes in the base year; second, we examine the
impact of food prices on the change in consumption at given expenditure
levels; and third, we study the possible relation between poverty and
foodgrain availability.
We conclude that poverty is underestimated because official figures do not
consider the change in consumption patterns, occurring partly as a result of
high relative food prices. Nutrition poverty levels in Gujarat are higher than all-
India levels, which creates a case for direct nutritional intervention for the
poor.
Finally, lifestyle and technology changes towards more sufficiency and efficiency
would follow the caps as consumers and producers work to retain the greatest
amount of welfare within the limits given.
Diunduh dari :
Evaluating Full Cost of Resources Use
Examples
Clear-cutting + habitat loss
Commercial fishing + depletion of fish stocks
Tax breaks
Subsidies
The research in this paper constructs an analytical framework for describing the
characteristics of economically efficient groundwater management plans, identifying
how individual water use decisions by farmers collectively depart from efficient
resource use, and examining how policies related to both water and electricity can
improve on the efficiency of the status quo.
It is shown that an optimal scheme for pricing electricity used for pumping
groundwater includes two main elements: 1) the full (marginal) economic cost of
electricity must be covered; and 2) there must be an extra charge, reflected in the
electricity price, corresponding to the externality cost of groundwater pumping. The
analysis includes a methodology for calculating the latter externality cost, based on
just a few parameters, and a discussion of how electricity pricing could be modified
to improve efficiency in both power and water use.
CLASSIFYING WORLDVIEWS
Worldviews are generally divided into two groups:
Holistic (Ecocentric) is earth centered and focuses on sustaining the earths
Natural systems (ecosystems)
Life-forms (biodiversity)
Life-support systems (biosphere)
For all species
Atomistic is individual centered
Anthropocentric (human-centered)
Biocentric (life-centered)
1. Environmental science is a study of how the earth works, how we interact with
the earth, and how to deal with environmental problems.
2. Environment is everything that affects a living organism (any unique form of life).
Ecology is a biological science that studies the relationships between living
organisms and their environment.
Diunduh dari :
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204%20DE/ES%20docs/Living%20in
%20an%20exponential%20world.pdf..
Environmental wisdom worldview
What Keeps Us Alive? The Sun and the Earths Natural Capital
All life and economies depend on energy from the sun (solar capital) and the
earths resources and ecological services (natural capital).
Our existence, lifestyles, and economies depend completely on the sun and
the earth, a blue and white island in the black void of space. To economists,
capital is wealth used to sustain a business and to generate more wealth. For
example, suppose you invest $100,000 of capital and get a 10% return on
your money. In a year you get $10,000 in income from interest and increase
your wealth to $110,000.
By analogy, we can think of energy from the sun as solar capital. Solar energy
includes direct sunlight and indirect forms of renewable solar energy such as
wind power, hydropower (energy from flowing water), and biomass (direct
solar energy converted to chemical energy and stored in biological sources of
energy such as wood).
Similarly, we can think of the planets air, water, soil, wildlife, forest, rangeland,
fishery, mineral, and energy resources and the processes of natural
purification, recycling, and pest control as natural resources or natural capital.
See the Guest Essay by Paul Hawken on the website for this chapter.
Natural capital consists of resources and ecological services that support and
sustain the earths life and economies.
This priceless natural capital that nature provides at no cost to us plus the
natural biological income it supplies can sustain the planet and our economies
indefinitely as long as we do not deplete them. Examples of biological income
are renewable supplies of wood, fish, grassland for grazing, and underground
water for drinking and irrigation.
Diunduh dari :
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204%20DE/ES%20docs/Living%20in
%20an%20exponential%20world.pdf..
Environmental wisdom worldview
What Is an Environmentally Sustainable Society?
One That Preserves Natural Capital and Lives Off Its Income
An environmentally sustainable society meets the basic resource needs of its people
indefinitely without degrading or depleting the natural capital that supplies these
resources.
An environmentally sustainable society meets the current needs of its people for
food, clean water, clean air, shelter, and other basic resources without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Living sustainably means living
off natural income replenished by soils, plants, air, and water and not depleting or
degrading the earths natural capital that supplies this biological income.
Imagine you win $1 million in a lottery. Invest this capital at 10% interest per year,
and you will have a sustainable annual income of $100,000 without depleting
your capital. If you spend $200,000 a year, your $1 million will be gone
early in the 7th year and even if you spend only $110,000 a year, you will
be bankrupt early in the 18th year.
The lesson here is an old one: Protect your capital and live off the income
it provides. Deplete, waste, or squander your capital, and you move from
a sustainable to an unsustainable lifestyle.
The same lesson applies to the earths natural capital. According to many
environmentalists and leading scientists, we are living unsustainably by
wasting, depleting, and degrading the earths natural capital at an
accelerating rate.
Diunduh dari :
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204%20DE/ES%20docs/Living%20in
%20an%20exponential%20world.pdf..
Environmental wisdom worldview
THE EARTHS NATURAL CAPITAL.
Energy from the sun (solar capital) and the earths natural capital provide resources
(orange) and ecological services (green) that support and sustain the earths life and
economies. Wedges from this diagram will be used near the titles of various chapters
to indicate the components of natural capital that are the primary focus of such
chapters.
Diunduh dari :
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204%20DE/ES%20docs/Living%20in
%20an%20exponential%20world.pdf..
Environmental wisdom worldview
Natural capital: major types of material resources. This scheme is not fixed;
renewable resources can become nonrenewable if used for a prolonged period at a
faster rate than natural processes renew them.
Diunduh dari :
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204%20DE/ES%20docs/Living%20in
%20an%20exponential%20world.pdf..
Environmental wisdom worldview
What Are Nonrenewable Resources?
Resources We Can Deplete
Nonrenewable resources can be economically depleted to the point where it costs
too much to obtain what is left.
Nonrenewable resources exist in a fixed quantity or stock in the earths crust. On a
time scale of millions to billions of years, geological processes can renew such
resources. But on the much shorter human time scale of hundreds to thousands of
years, these resources can be depleted much faster than they are formed.
These exhaustible resources include energy resources (such as coal, oil, and natural
gas that cannot be recycled),metallicmineral resources (such as iron, copper, and
aluminum that can be recycled), and nonmetallic mineral resources (such as salt,
clay, sand, and phosphates that usually are difficult or too costly to recycle).
Diunduh dari :
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204%20DE/ES%20docs/Living%20in
%20an%20exponential%20world.pdf..
Environmental wisdom worldview
POLLUTION.
Where Do Pollutants Come From, and What Are Their Harmful
Effects? Threats to Health and Survival
Pollutants are chemicals found at high enough levels in the environment to cause
harm to people or other organisms.
Pollution is the presence of substances at high enough levels in air, water, soil, or
food to threaten the health, survival, or activities of humans or other organisms.
Pollutants can enter the environment naturally (for example, from volcanic eruptions)
or through human or anthropogenic activities (for example, from burning coal). Most
pollution from human activities occurs in or near urban and industrial areas, where
pollution sources such as cars and factories are concentrated.
Industrialized agriculture is also a major source of pollution.Most pollutants are
unintended by products of useful activities such as burning coal to generate
electricity, driving cars, and growing crops.
Some pollutants contaminate the areas where they are produced and some are
carried by wind or flowing water to other areas. Pollution does not respect the neat
territorial political lines we draw on maps.
The pollutants we produce come from two types of sources. Point sources of
pollutants are single, identifiable sources. Examples are the smokestack of a coal-
burning power plant, the drainpipe of a factory, and the exhaust pipe of an
automobile. Nonpoint sources of pollutants are dispersed and often difficult to
identify. Examples are pesticides sprayed into the air or blown by the wind into the
atmosphere and runoff of fertilizers and pesticides from farmlands, golf courses, and
suburban lawns and gardens into streams and lakes. It is much easier and cheaper
to identify and control pollution from point sources than from widely dispersed
nonpoint sources.
Diunduh dari :
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204%20DE/ES%20docs/Living%20in
%20an%20exponential%20world.pdf..
Environmental wisdom worldview
What Are Key Environmental Problems and Their Basic Causes?
The Big Five
The major causes of environmental problems are population growth, wasteful
resource use, poverty, poor environmental accounting, and ecological ignorance.
Diunduh dari :
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204%20DE/ES%20docs/Living%20in%20an%20ex
ponential%20world.pdf..
Environmental wisdom worldview
Many of the worlds poor do not have access to the basic necessities for a
healthy, productive, and decent life. Their daily lives are focused on getting
enough food, water, and fuel (for cooking and heat) to survive. Desperate for
land to grow enough food, many of the worlds poor people deplete and
degrade forests, soil, grasslands, and wildlife for short-term survival. They do
not have the luxury of worrying about long-term environmental quality or
sustainability.
Another problemfor the poor is living in areas with high levels of air and water
pollution and with a great risk of natural disasters such as floods,
earthquakes, hurricanes, and volcanic eruptions. And they usually must take
jobsif they can find themwith unhealthy and unsafeworking conditions at
very lowpay.
Poverty also affects population growth. Poor people often have many children
as a form of economic security. Their children help them grow food, gather
fuel (mostly wood and dung), haul drinking water, tend livestock, work, and
beg in the streets. The children also help their parents survive in their old age
before they die, typically in their 50s in the poorest countries.
Diunduh dari :
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204%20DE/ES%20docs/Living%20in
%20an%20exponential%20world.pdf..
Environmental wisdom worldview
What Is the Relationship between Resource Consumption and
Environmental Problems? Affluenza
Most people infected with this contagious shop-till-you-drop virus have some
telltale symptoms. They feel overworked, have high levels of debt and bank-
ruptcy, suffer from increasing stress and anxiety, have declining health, and feel
unfulfilled in their quest to accumulate more and more stuff. As humorist Will
Rogers said, Too many people spend money they havent earned to buy things
they dont want, to impress people they dont like. For some, shopping until you
drop means shopping until you go bankrupt.
Between 1998 and 2001, more Americans declared bankruptcy than graduated
from college.
Globalization and global advertising are now spreading the virus throughout
much of the world. Affluenza has an enormous environmental impact. It takes
about 27 tractor-trailer loads of resources per year to support one American.
This amounts to 7.9 billion truckloads of resources a year to support the
population. Stretched end-to-end, these trucks would more than reach the sun.
What can we do about affluenza? The first step for addicts is to admit they have
a problem. Then they begin steps to kick their addiction by going on a stuff diet.
For example, before buying anything a person with the affluenza addiction
should ask: Do I really need this or merely want it? Can I buy it secondhand
(reuse)? Can I borrow it from a friend or relative? Another withdrawal strategy:
Do not hang out with other addicts.
Shopaholics should avoidmalls asmuch as they can.
Diunduh dari :
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204%20DE/ES%20docs/Living%20in
%20an%20exponential%20world.pdf..
Environmental wisdom worldview
The environmental worldview, known as the environmental wisdom worldview, is
based on the following major beliefs,which are the opposite of those making up the
planetarymanagement worldview:
1. Nature exists for all species, not just for us and we are not in charge of the earth.
2. The earths resources are limited, should not be wasted, and are not all for us.
3. We should encourage earth-sustaining forms of economic growth and
discourage earth-degrading forms.
4. Our success depends on learning how the earth sustains itself and integrating
such lessons from nature (environmental wisdom) into the ways we think and
act.
Diunduh dari :
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204%20DE/ES%20docs/Living%20in
%20an%20exponential%20world.pdf..
Environmental wisdom worldview
What Are the Greatest Environmental Problems We Face Now and in the
Future?
The Big Picture
Diunduh dari :
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204%20DE/ES%20docs/Living%20in
%20an%20exponential%20world.pdf..
Environmental wisdom worldview
What Is Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development?
Diunduh dari :
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/mcvay/ES204%20DE/ES%20docs/Living%20in
%20an%20exponential%20world.pdf..
Apakah empat prinsip ilmiah dari
keberlanjutan?
Konsep 1-6
Diunduh dari : ..
ENERGI MATAHARI
What is solar energy?
Solar Energy is the energy received from the sun that sustains life
on earth. For many decades solar energy has been considered as a
huge source of energy and also an economical source of energy
because it is freely available. However, it is only now after years of
research that technology has made it possible to harness solar
energy.
Diunduh dari : ..
PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN
Pencemaran air
Suatu perubahan keadaan air yang disebabkan oleh sampah-
sampah, maupun limbah pabrik yang dapat merusak ekosistem laut
dan dapat berbahaya bagi manusia apabila kita menggunakan air
tersebut untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari.
Diunduh dari :
DEGRADASI MODAL ALAM
. FUNCTIONS OF NATURAL CAPITAl
It is the characteristics of the ecosystems, or naturalcapital, which
give rise to the flows emanating from this capital, which De Groot
(1992) calls environmental functions, defined as the capacity of
natural processes and components to provide goods and services
that satisfy human needs (directly and/or indirectly).
Sumber: Ecological Economics. Volume 44, Issues 23, March 2003, Pages
165185
Diunduh dari :
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800902002720..
MODAL ALAM
Sumber: Ecological Economics. Volume 44, Issues 23, March 2003, Pages
165185
Diunduh dari :
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800902002720..
MODAL ALAM
Environmental functions and attributes: human influences and welfare.
Diunduh dari :
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800902002720..
Dua sudut Pandang Ekonomi
ANALISIS EKO-EFISIENSI
What is eco-efficiency?
The purpose of Eco-Efficiency Analysis is to harmonize economy and ecology.
BASF SE in Ludwigshafen, Germany, is the first chemical company to develop
this method for use in its business activities. BASF started to develop this
inhouse tool in 1996. To date, more than 400 different products and
manufacturing processes have been analyzed using the new method. Eco-
Efficiency Analysis is applied in order to use as few materials and energy as
possible in producing our products and to keep emissions as low as possible.
At the same time, our products can help our customers conserve resources
and save energy. Eco-efficiency analyses are offered to BASF business units
and to external customers as well.
Ecological Footprint
Economic and ecological data are plotted on an x/y graph. The costs are
shown on the horizontal axis and the environmental impact is shown on the
vertical axis. The graph reveals the eco-efficiency of a product or process
compared to other products or processes. And it allows us to look into the
future, since Eco-Efficiency Analysis is utilized in making strategic decisions
and it also helps detect and exploit potential ecological and economic
improvements.