PCTT Presentation topic:

Sedimentation

Name Enrollment No.

Anuj Sakhreliya 140230113045
Tarun Ukani 140230113052

Dr.S & S.S Ghandhy.Government Engineering College,Surat

 Overview
SedimentationOverview
Objectivesofsedimentation.
Applications.
SedimentationBasins.
TypesofSettling.
SedimentationTanks
 Overview of the Process
Location in the Treatment Plant
Afterthesourcewaterhasbeencoagulatedandflocculated,itis
readyforsedimentation.
 Objective of Sedimentation
Toseparatesolidsfromliquidusingtheforceof
gravity.Insedimentation,onlysuspendedsolids(SS)
areremoved.

Use
Sedimentationisusedinwaterandwastewater
treatmentplants
Applications in Water Treatment:
1.Settlingofcoagulatedandflocculatedwaterspriorto
filtration
2.Settlingofcoagulatedandflocculatedwatersina
softeningplant
3.Settlingoftreatedwatersinanironandmanganese
removalplant

Applications in Wastewater Treatment:

1.Gritremoval
2.Suspendedsolidsremovalinprimaryclarifier
3.Biologicalflocremovalinactivatedsludge
Sedimentation Basins

Shapes
Circular,Rectangular,andSquare

Sizes
Circular
15to300ft(diameter)and6to16ft(depth)
Typicalsizesare35to150ft(diameter)and10to14ft
(depth)
Square
35to200ft(width)and6to19ft(depth)
Rectangular (dependsonsludgeremovalmechanism)
Freeboard
1to1.25ftforcircularandsquaretanks
SETTLING of particles from suspension depends on:

Characteristics of the Particles Concentration of Particles in Suspension

DISCRETE FLOCCULATING DILUTE SUSPENSIONS CONCENTRATED

PARTICLES PARTICLES suspensionsinwhichthe SUSPENSIONS
particles particleswhose concentrationofparticles suspensionsin
whose surfaceproperties isnotsufficienttocause which
size,shape aresuchthatthey significantdisplacement theconcentration
and aggregateupon ofwaterastheysettleor ofparticlesistoo
specific contact inwhichtheparticles greattomeetthe
gravity Thus,changingin willnotbeclose conditions
donot size,shape,and enoughforvelocity mentionedfor
change perhapsspecific fieldinterferenceto dilute
withtime. gravitywitheach occur suspensions
contact.
 settling of discrete particles in dilute suspensions Example:
TYPE 1 particles have no tendency to flocculate removal of grit and sand in
(discrete they settle as individual entities and there is no wastewater treatment
particle settling) significant interaction with neighboring particles

settling of flocculant particles in dilute suspensions Examples:

TYPE 2 as particle settle and coalesce with other particles, removal of SS in
(flocculant the sizes of particles and their settling velocity primary sedimentation
settling) increases tanks of WWTP
settling of chemically
coagulated waters

settling of intermediate concentration of flocculant

TYPE 3 particles Example:
(hindered particles are so close together that interparticle biological floc removal in
settling) forces are able to hold them in fixed positions secondary settling basins of
or relative to each other and the mass of particles WWTP
(zone settling) settles as a zone at a constant velocity

settling of particles that are of such a high Examples:

TYPE 4 concentration that the particles touch each other occurs in the bottom of
(compression and settling can occur only by compression which deep secondary clarifiers
settling) takes place from the weight of particles in sludge thickening
facilities
Sedimentation Tanks
Sedimentation tanks can be divided into 4 different
functional zones:

1. Inlet zone

2. Settling zone

3. Sludge zone

4. Outlet zone

INLET ZONE
shoulddisseminateinfluentenergy
distributetheflow
mitigatedensitycurrents
minimizesludgeblanketdisturbance

Inlet structures are designed to uniformly distribute the influent

suspension over the cross section of the settling zone.

For Rectangular Basins

full width inlet channels - effectivespreadingofflowintroducea
verticalvelocitycomponentintosludge happen
thatmayresuspendsludge.
inlet channels with submerged orifices
Forsedimentationtankfollowedbyflocculation
(widthofflocculationbasinwidthofsettlingtank)

Depthofinletchannel=depthofflocculatorbasin

Pipe connection between flocculation unit & sedimentation

Lowvelocityinpipe-settlingoffloc
Highvelocityinpipe-breakageoffloc

Permissibleflowvelocitytomaintainflocsuspension
0.150.6m/sec

If sedimentation tank does not adjoin a flocculator

inletchannelswithsubmergedorificesdonotextenddownthe
fulldepthofthetank
For circular tanks
circulartanks-radialflow

toachievearadialflow,patterninfluentisintroduced
inthecenterofthetankoraroundtheperipheryofthetank

Central feed
waterentersacircularwelldesignedtodistribute
theflowequallyinalldirections
Doffeedwell=15-20%oftankdiameter
Depth=1-2.5m
Velocitythroughtheorificiesonfeedwell
0.075-0.15m/sec

Entrance Pipe
suspendedfrombridgeORencasedinconcretebeneaththe
tankfloor
SETTLING ZONE

It depends on the following design parameters:

Settlingcharacteristicsofthesuspendedmatter

Surfaceloading(overflowrate)

Width/lengthratioORdiameter

Detentiontime
SLUDGE ZONE
Rectangular tanks - thebottomisslightlyslopedtofacilitate
sludgescraping
a pair of endless conveyor chains
bridge type mechanism

continuously pulls the settled material into a sludge hopper where it

is pumped out periodically.

Motion of scraper
momentarilyresuspendlighterparticlesafewcmabovethe
scraperblades

Excessive horizontal velocity (for the case of rectangular basins)

movethesematerialstowardsoutletzone.
To prevent this,

Horizontal Velocity

9m/hrforlightflocculantsuspensions
36m/hrforheavierdiscretesuspensions

Bridge type mechanism

travelsupanddownthetank
oneormorescraperbladesaresuspendedfromthebridge
Circular tanks

The bottom of the tank is sloped to form an inverted cone and

the sludge is scraped to a relatively small hopper located near
the center of the tank.

Velocity or scraper
Important

Very high velocIty

resuspensionofsettledparticles(<5mm/sn)

Travelling bridge with sludge suction headers and pumps

notverygood
OUTLET ZONE
Weir channels are used.

Large weir loading

resuspensionofparticlessettledneartoeffluentlaunders

Effluent weirs
placedasfarfromtheinletaspossible

To increase weir length (i.e to decrease weir loading)

double-sidedweirscanbeused

Typical weirs
90Vnotchmetalplatesboltedontotheeffluentcollection
through
May be placed at the opposite end of the rectangular basins

throughtheentirewidthoftank
throughthelengthofthetank

If the weir loading causes the required weir length to be greater

than tank width the channel may be extended to a length of 1/3 the
basin length (Reynolds)

around the perimeter of center feed circular tanks

at the center of peripheral feed circular tanks