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d = effective depth
Reinforcement
Reinforcing bars are produced in two grades: hot rolled mild
steel bars have a yield strength fy of 250 N/mm2; hot rolled or
cold worked high yield steel bars have a yield strength fy of
460 N/mm2. Steel fabric is made from cold drawn steel wires
welded to form a mesh; it has a yield strength fy of 460
N/mm2.
Mild steel bars are produced as smooth round bars. High
yield bars are produced as deformed bars to increase bond
stress:
Before beginning section design, reinforcement data andcode
requirements with regard to minimum and maximum areas of
bars in beams and bar spacings are set out. This is to enable
practical sections to be designed.
Note:
>Pairs or bundles are treated as a single bar of equivalent area.
>The above spacings ensure that the concrete can be properly
compacted around the reinforcement.
>Spacing of top bars of beams should also permit the insertion
of a vibrator.
Example