CELLULAR TELEPHONY

Prepared by: L. Macam

 MOBILE TELEPHONY
First Generation (1G) systems
were analog with reasonably reliable
networks but limited service offerings and did
not permit roaming between networks.
 MOBILE TELEPHONY
First Generation (1G) systems

Mobile
Transportable (Carry)
Portable
Personal
 MOBILE TELEPHONY
Second Generation (2G) mobile systems

are digital and bring

significant advantages in
terms of sophistication,
capacity and quality.

GSM Global System for

Mobile Communications
GPRS General Packet Radio
Service (2.5)
EDGE Enhanced Data Rate
for GSM Evolution (2.75)
 MOBILE TELEPHONY
Third Generation systems

Will allow
communication,
information and
entertainment services
to be delivered via
wireless terminals.

Example:
Universal Mobile Telecommunication
Systems (UMTS)
 MOBILE TELEPHONY
Fourth Generation (4G) systems
in addition to the usual voice and other
services of 3G, provides mobile
broadband Internet access, for example
to laptops with wireless modems, to
smartphones, and to other mobile
devices.

Potential and current applications

include amended mobile web access, IP
telephony, gaming services, high-
definition mobile TV, video conferencing,
3D television, and cloud computing.

Examples:
Mobile Wimax and
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
1G 2G 3G 4G

Analog Cellular Digital Cellular Digital Cellular Digital Cellular

Voice Voice/data Voice/high- Voice/high-

speed data speed data

AMPS CDMA W_CDMA Mobile Wi-Max

1XRtt
TACS GSM HSPA LTE
GPRS
80 1992 1999 2001 Present
2003
AMPS Advanced Mobile Telephone System
TACS Total Access Communication System
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
LTE Long Term Evolution
 MAIN CELLULAR STANDARDS
Year Standard Mobile Telephone System Technology Primary Markets

1981 NMT 450 Nordic Mobile Telephony Analogue Europe-Middle

East
1983 AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Analogue North and South
System America
1985 TACS Total Access Communication Analogue Europe and
System China
1986 NMT 900 Nordic Mobile Telephony Analogue Europe-Middle
East
1991 GSM Global System for Mobile Digital World-wide
communication
1991 TDMA Time-Division Multiple Digital North and South
Access America
(D-AMPS)
(IS136) (Digital-AMPS)
1993 CdmaOne Codedivisionmultipleaccess Digital N. America
(IS95) One Korea
 MAIN CELLULAR STANDARDS
Year Standard Mobile Telephone System Technology Primary Markets

1992 GSM 1800 Global System for Mobile Digital Europe-Middle

communication East
1994 PDC Personal Digital Cellular Digital North and South
America
1995 PCS 1900 Personal Communication Digital Europe and
Services China
2001 GSM 800 Global System for Mobile Digital Europe-Middle
communication East
GSM NETWORK
COMPONENTS

AuC Authentication Center

BTS Base Transceiver Station
HLR Home Location Register
MSC Mobile services
Switching Center
BSC Base Station Controller
EIR Equipmenr Identity
Registry
MS Mbile Station
VLR Visitor Location Register
GSM NETWORK COMPONENTS
SWITCHING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Mobile services Switching Center (MSC)

performs the telephony switching functions for the mobile
network.
It controls calls to and from other telephony and data
systems.

Gateway Functionality
- Gateway functionality enables an MSC to interrogate a
networks HLR in order to route a call to a Mobile Station
(MS).
SWITCHING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Home Location Register (HLR)
- a centralized network database that stores and
manages all mobile subscriptions belonging to a
specific operator.

The information stored includes:

Subscriber identity
Subscriber supplementary services
Subscriber location information
Subscriber authentication information
SWITCHING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
SWITCHING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Authentication Center
(AuC)
- it authenticates the
subscribers attempting to
use a network.
SWITCHING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

- a database containing mobile equipment
identity information which helps to block
calls from stolen, unauthorized, or
defective MSs.
 BASE STATION COMPONENTS

Base Station Controller (BSC)

- it manages all the radio-related functions of a GSM
network.

- it is a high capacity switch that provides functions

such as MS handover, radio channel assignment and
the collection of a cell configuration data.
 BASE STATION COMPONENTS
Base Transceiver Station
- controls the radio interface to the MS.

- comprises the radio equipment such as

transceivers and antennas which are needed
to serve each cell in the network.
NETWORK MONITORING CENTERS

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

- a computerized monitoring center which is
connected to other network components.

- the status of the network and can monitor and

control a variety of system parameters.
NETWORK MONITORING CENTERS

Network Management Center (NMC)

- centralized control of the network is done here

- only one NMC is required for a network and this

controls the subordinate OMCs.
 MOBILE STATION (MS)
An MS is used by a mobile subscriber to
communicate with the mobile network.

GSM MSs consists of:

A mobile terminal

A Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

 GSM GEOGRAPHICAL NETWORK
STRUCTURE
CELL
A cell is the basic unit of a cellular system
and is defined as the area of radio coverage
given by one BS antenna system.

Each cell is assigned a unique number called

Cell Global Identity (CGI).
 CELL
The hexagon shape was chosen because it
provides the most effective transmission by
approximating a circular pattern while eliminating
gaps inherently present between adjacent circles.
 CELL
The physical size of a cell varies depending on a user
density and calling patterns.

Macrocells (large cells) typically have a radius between 1

mile and 15 miles with base station transmit powers
between 1w and 6w.

Microcells (smallest cells) typically have a radius of 1500

feet or less with base station transmit powers between
0.1W and 1W.

Picocell is used indoors, where cellular radio signals are

week to provide reliable communications.
 LOCATION AREA (LA)

A Location Area is defined as a group of cells.

Within the network a subscribers location is
linked to the LA in which they are currently
located.

The identity of the current LA is stored in the VLR.

 MSC SERVICE AREA
An MSC service area is made up of a number of Las and
represents the geographic part of the network
controlled by one MSC.

The subscribers MSC service area is stored in the HLR.

 PLMN SERVICE AREA
A Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) service
area is the entire set of cells served by one
network operator and is defined as the area in
which an operator offers a radio coverage and
access to its network.
 GSM SERVICE AREA
The GSM service area is the entire geographical area in
which a subscriber can gain access the to a GSM network
to.

The GSM service area increases as more operators sign

contracts agreeing to work together.
GSM Service Area
 GSM FREQUENCY BANDS
As GSM has at fogrown worldwidw, it has expanded
to operate ur main frequency bands: 900, 1800, 1900
and 800.
 WIRELESS CONCEPTS
Channels
A channel is a frequency or set of frequencies which
can be allocated for the transmission, and possibly the
receipt, of information.
It is an important factor in determining the capacity of
a mobile system.
TYPE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES

Simplex One way only FM radio television

Half-duplex Two way, only one at a Police radio

time
Full-duplex Two way, both at the Mobile systems
same time
 Duplex Distance
The use of full duplex requires that uplink and
downlink transmission are separated in
frequency by a minimum distance.
 Carrier Separation

Every mobile system includes a carrier separation.

This is the distance on the frequency band between

channels being transmitted in the same direction.

This is required to avoid overlapping of information

in one channel into an adjacent channel.

In GSM the carrier separation is fixed at 200 kHz.

 Capacity and Frequency Re-use
It is the number of frequencies in a cell that
determines the cells capacity.

A cell may have one or more frequencies

allocated to it. It is important when allocating
frequencies that interference is avoided.

A common factor is the use of similar

frequencies close to each other.
 Capacity and Frequency Re-use
The same frequencies can not be used in neighboring cells
as they would interfere with each other, so special patterns
of frequency usage are determined during the planning of
the network.

The term frequency re-use distance is used to describe

between two identical frequencies in a re-use pattern.
 Transmission Rate
The amount of information transmitted over a
radio channel over a period of time is known
is the transmission rate.

Transmission rate is expressed in bits per

second or bit/s.

In GSM the net bit rate over the air interface is

270kbit/s.
 Modulation Method
The modulation technique used in GSM is
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) and is
a form of phase modulation, or phase shift
keying as it is called.

GMSK enables the transmission of 270 kbit/s

within a 200 kHz channel. This gives a bit rate
of 1.3 bit/s per Hz.
 Access Method: TIME DIVISION
MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA)
Most digital cellular systems use the technique of Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to transmit and
receive speech signals.

With TDMA, one carrier is used to carry a number of

calls, each call using the carrier at designated periods
in time. These periods of time are referred to as time
slots.

Each MS on a call is assigned one time slot on the

uplink frequency and one on the downlink frequency.
Information sent during one time slot is called a burst.
 Access Method: TIME DIVISION
MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA)
In GSM, a TDMA frame consists of 8 time
slots. This means that a GSM radio carrier can
carry 8 calls.
 Roaming and Handsoffs
Roaming is when a mobile unit moves from
one cell to another possibly from one
companys service area into another
companys service area.
 Roaming and Handsoffs

The transfer of a mobile unit from one base stations

control to another base stations control is called a
handoff (or handover).

A hard handoff is a break-before-make process; the

mobile unit breaks its connection with one base station
before establishing a voice communication with a new
base station.

A soft handoff is a flawless handoff that normally takes

approximately 200 ms, which is imperceptible to voice
telephone users.
Roaming and Handsoffs
 Transmission Problems
PATH LOSS
Path loss occurs when the received signal becomes weaker
and weaker due to increasing distance between MS and
BTS, even if there are no obstacles between the
transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) antenna.

SHADOWING
Shadowing occurs when there are physical obstacles
including hills and buildings between BTS and the MTS.
 Transmission Problems
MULTIPATH FADING
Multipath fading occurs when there is more than one transmission
path to the MS or BTS, and therefore more than one signal is arriving
at the receiver.

Rayleigh fading
This occurs when a signal takes more than one path netween the MS
and BTS antennas. Rayleigh fading occurs when the obstacles are
close to the receiving antenna.
 Solutions to Transmission Problems

Bit Error Rate

BER defines the percentage of the total number of
received bits which are incorrectly detected.

CHANNEL CODING
Channel coding is used to detect and correct errors in a
received bit stream. It adds bits to a message.
These bits enable a channel decoder to determine
whether the message has faulty bits.
 Solutions to Transmission Problems

ANTENNA DIVERSITY
Antenna Diversity increases the received signal strength
by taking advantage of the natural properties of radio
waves.

Space Diversity
An increased received signal strength at the BTS may be
achieved by mounting two receiver antennae instead
of one. If the two Rx antennae are physically separated
the probabilty that both of them are affectec by deep
fading at the same time is low.
 Solutions to Transmission Problems
Polarization Diversity
With polarization diversity the two space
diversity antennae are replaced by one dual
polarized antenna. The most common types
of ploarized antenna rays are
vertical/horizantal and are in 45 degree slant
orientation.
Solutions to Transmission Problems
 Solutions to Transmission Problems

FREQUENCY HOPPING
It is possible for the BTS and MS to hop from frequency to
frequency during a call. The frequency hopping for the
BTS and MS is synchronized.

In GSM there are 64 patterns of frequency hopping; one

of them is a simple cyclic or sequential pattern. The
remaining 63 are pseudo-random patterns, which an
operator can choose from.
Solutions to Transmission Problems

Two types of hopping are supported by the

BSC:
BASEBAND hopping involves hopping between
frequencies on different tranceivers in a cell
SYNTHESIZER hopping involves hopping from
frequency on the same tranceiver in a cell.
CDMA: Code-Division Multiple Access
Also known as IS-95 (Interim Standard 95),
proposed by Qualcomm as a cellular telephone
system and standard based on spread spectrum
technology with the primary goal of increasing
capacity.

CDMA allows users to differentiate from one

another by a unique code rather than a frequency
or time assignment.
 CDMA: Code-Division Multiple Access

Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated pathway through

a transmission medium for one users information.
The transmission medium is a resource that can be subdivided into
individual channels according to the technology used.
FDMA : Frequency Division Multiple Access
A channel is a frequency
Each user on a different frequency
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
A channel is a specific time slot on a specific frequency
Each user on a different window period in time (timeslot)
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
A channel is a unique code pattern
Each user uses the same frequency all the time, but mixed with
different distinguishing code patterns
CDMA: Code-Divison Multiple Access
 CDMA: Code-Divison Multiple Access
On the forward channel, the base station simultaneously transmit
user data from all current mobile units in that cell by using different
spreading sequences for each users transmission.

On the reverse link, all mobile units respond in an asynchronous

manner with a constant signal level controlled by the base station.
CDMA: Code-Division Multiple Access
Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
Each users narrowband signal hops among discrete frequencies,
and the receiver follows in sequence
Is NOT currently used in wireless systems, although used in the
military

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

Narrowband input from a user is coded (spread) by a user-
unique broadband code, then transmitted
Broadband signal is received; receiver knows, applies users
code, recovers users data
Is the method used in CDMA commercial systems
 CELL PLANNING
INTRODUCTION
Cell planning can be described as all activities
involved in:
Selecting the sites for the radio equipment
Selecting the radio equipment
Configuring the equipment

Every cellular network requires cell planning in

order to provide adequate coverage and call
quality.
 CELLS
A cell may be defined as an area of radio
coverage from one BTS antenna system.

It is the smallest building block in a mobile

network and is the reason why mobile nteworks
are often referred to as cellular networks.

Typically, cells are represented graphically by

hexagons.
 Two Main Types of Cell
OMNI DIRECTIONAL CELL
An omnidirection cell (or omnicell) is served by a BTS
with an antenna which transmits equally in all
directions (360 degrees).
Typically used to gain coverage
 Two Main Types of Cell
SECTOR CELL
A sector cell is the area of coverage from an antenna,
which transmits, in a given direction only. This may be
equal to 120 degrees or 180 degrees of an equivalent
omni-directional cell.
Two-sectored sites and three-sectored sites
Typically used to gain capacity
 [2] NOMINAL CELL PLAN

Cluster
A cluster is a group of cells available frequencies
have been once and only once.

The re-use pattern recommended for GSM are the

4/12 and the 3/9 pattern. 4/12 means that there
are four three-sector sites supporting twelve cells
using twelve frequency groups.
 [2] NOMINAL CELL PLAN
The 4/12 cell pattern is in common use by GSM
network operators.
 [2] NOMINAL CELL PLAN
In the 3/9 cell pattern there are always 9 channels
separating each frequency in a cell.
 Review Questions
1. Using a cellular phone outside your home service area
a. Long distance communications
b. Roaming
c. Global communications
d. Jamming

2. What is the meaning of AMPS which is the standard for analogue cellular
telephones?
a. Advanced mobile phone service
b. Automatic mobile phone system
c. Analog Mobile passband system
d. Amplitude Mixing phone standard
 Review Questions
3. The time spent on a cellular telephone which is usually billed to the
subscriber on a per minutes system.
a. Time division system
b. Airtime
c. Duration
d. Interval

4. Channel is known as the width of the spectrum which is measured in

kilohertz (kHz). What is the width of the channel used by most analog
cellular phones?
a. 50kHz
b. 60kHz
c. 40kHz
d. 30kHz
 Review Questions
5. A digital technology that uses a low power signal spread across a wide
bandwidth. With this technology, a phone call is assigned a code instead of
a certain frequency. Using the identifying code and a low power signal, a
large number of callers can use the same group of channels.
a. Time division multiple access
b. Pulse code division multiplexing
c. Pulse multiple access
d. Code division multiple access

6. A central computer that connects a cellular phone call to the public

telephone network. It controls the entire systems operation, including
monitoring calls, billing and handouts.
a. Personal communications services
b. Wide area network computer
c. Mobile telephone switching office
d. International standards organization
 Review Questions
7. What is the meaning of IS-54 which is the dual mode (analog and digital
cellular standard in North America?) in the analog mode, this conforms to
the Advanced Mobile Phone Service.
a. Interim standard number 54
b. International standard number 54
c. Integrated system number 54
d. Industry standard number 54

8. A phone that operates on both analog and digital networks.

a. Dual system
b. Coupled system
c. Paired-mode system
d. Dual-mode system
 Review Questions
9. The geographic area by a single low-power transmitter/receiver. It
categorizes a cellular systems service area.
a. Channel
b. Service area
c. Site
d. Cell

10. Radio frequencies assigned in one channel in a cellular system are limited
to boundaries of a signal cell because of their low power. The carrier is
free to use the frequencies again in other cells in the system without
causing interference. What do you call this method?
a. Frequency assignment
b. Channel utilization
c. Frequency reuse
d. Optimum frequency assignment
 Review Questions
11. A loosely defined future universal telecommunications services that will
allow anytime, anywhere voice and data communication with personal
communication devices.
a. Personal communication system
b. Universal telephone services
c. Personal handy phone
d. Nation wide communication services

12. A special fee that local telephone companies are allowed to charge all
telephone costumers for the right to connect with the local phone
network.
a. Airtime fee
b. Access fee
c. Connection fee
d. Mandatory fee
 Review Questions
13. A means of increasing the capacity of a cellular system by subdividing or
splitting cells into two or more smaller cells.
a. Spectrum allocation
b. Cell allocation
c. Channel splitting
d. Cell splitting

14. A process that provides security for wireless information. Information is

encoded so that it can be ready by a device with a matching decoding
procedure.
a. Wireless decoder
b. Cellular decoder
c. Encryption
d. decoder
 Review Questions
15. An important safety features thats included with most of todays car
phones. It permits the driver to use his cellular car phone without lifting or
holding the headset to his ear.
a. Hands-free
b. Hands-off
c. Handy phone
d. Safety phone

16. A cellular phone features that automatically blows the cars horn if a calls
comes in, alerting the recipient standing nearby.
a. Alert mode
b. Warning horn
c. Call horn
d. Alert mode
 Review Questions
17. An important feature of a cellular phone subscribing of a voice mail which
indicates a light or other indicator announcing that a phone call came in.
a. Alert mode
b. Call alert
c. Message alert
d. Voice mail alert

18. A sophisticated service provider by a cellular carrier that automatically

transfers an incoming cellular call to another phone number if the cellular
subscribing is unable to answer.
a. Call forwarding
b. Call transfer
c. Call waiting
d. No-answer transfer
 Review Questions
19. The period of time during which the carriers offer discounted airtime
charges, usually available after 10 p.m. And before 6 a.m., on weekends
and holidays.
a. Night time
b. Lean time
c. Off-peak
d. Peak

20. The standard cellular antenna for a car which prefers to the spring-like
section in the lower third of the antenna known as a phasing coil.
a. Pigtail antenna
b. Omnidirectional antenna
c. Whip antenna
d. Flexible antenna
 Review Questions
21. The type of cellular phone which is installed in a car or truck. This unit is
attached to the vehicle, draws its power from the vehicles battery and has
an external antenna.
a. Mobile or car phone
b. Portable
c. Electronic phone
d. Enhanced cellular phone

22. A protected database that holds a copy of the secret key stored in each
subscribers SIM card
a. HLR
b. VLR
c. AuC
d. EIR
 Review Questions
23. The time which a cellular subscriber uses a carriers service charge per
unit time of call
a. Talk time
b. Air time
c. Stand-by time
d. Hands off time

24. The subscribers Identity Module (SIM) Card for GSM contains a/n ____
number that identifies the user to the network along with other user and
security information.
a. IMEI
b. IMSI
c. ESN
d. MIN
 Review Questions
25. The module technique in cellular communications wherein each message
is assigned with a frequency, which is unique to a particular cell.
a. NBFM
b. NBDT
c. PCM
d. Modem

26. A channel used for the transformation of supervisory information for a

cell site to a mobile station or vice versa.
a. Speech
b. Control
c. Common
d. Voice
 Review Questions
27. The database for good and known IMEIs
a. White
b. Black
c. Grey
d. Red

28. A means of increasing the capacity of a cellular system by subdividing cells

into two or more smaller cells.
a. Spectrum allocation
b. Cell allocation
c. Channel splitting
d. Cell splitting
 Review Questions
29. A database used for management of mobile subscriber.
a. HLR
b. VLR
c. MSC
d. EIR

30. The following are the supervisory audio tones used in cellular phones
except
a. 5970 Hz
b. 6000 Hz
c. 6030 Hz
d. 3925 Hz
 Review Questions
31. A special signal tone that is transmitted to the cell site to free the voice
channe; when the mobile terminates a cell.
a. 10 KHz
b. 20 KHz
c. 30 KHz
d. 25 KHz

32. In the CDMA cellular technology, the signal meant for a given user is
tagged with a distinctive ________ pattern that only the users receiver
can recognize.
a. PIN Code
b.PN Code
c. SIM Code
d. IMSI
 Review Questions
33. In a cellular network , if you split a cell originally containing a maximum of
20 channels into two cells, the theoretical total channel capacity is
a. 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 40

34. In wireless communications, a radio channel consists of _____ frequencies

with in the RF spectrum, which allow a cell site and a wireless phone to
transmit and receive signals simultaneously.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d.5
 Review Questions
35. A GSM security measure which is designed to prevent eavesdropping of
user data on the radio path
a. IMSI
b. TMSI
c. IMEI
d. MSRN

36. The uplink frequency range for GSM900

a. 935 960 MHz
b. 890 915 MHz
c. 935 960 MHz
d. 890 915 MHz
 Review Questions
39. This is the Nordic analogue mobile radio telephone system originally used
in Scandinavia
a. NMT
b. GSM
c. PCN
d. PCS

40. It is a one-way wireless messaging allows continues accessibility to

someone away from the wired communications network.
a. Paging
b. Trunked radio
c. Cellular telephony
d. Text messaging
 Review Questions
41. The following are parts of the Trunked Radio System except
a. Channels
b. Central controller
c. Antenna and tower
d. 48 volts power supply

42. The method of dividing the channel into three time slots, each lasting a
fraction of a second, so a single channel can be used to handle three
simultaneous calls. This method increases the channel capacity by chopping
the signal into pieces and assigning each one to a different time slot. This
digital standard was established by the cellular industry in 1989.
a. Code Division Multiple Access
b. Time-Frequency Division Multiple Access
c. Pulse Division Multiple Access
d. Time Division Multiple Access
 Review Questions
43. What is the meaning of AMPS, which is the standard for analog cellular
telephones?
a. Advanced Mobile Phone Service
b. Automatic Mobile Phone System
c. Analog Mobile Passband System
d. Amplitude Mixing Phone Standard

44. A central computer that connects a cellular phone call to the public
telephone network. It controls the entire systems operation, including
monitoring calls, billing and handofs.
a. Personal Communication Service
b. Wide Area Network Computer
c. Mobile Telephone Switching Office
d. International Standards Organization
 Review Questions
45. A phone that operates on both analog and digital networks
a. dual system
b. coupled system
c. pair-mode phone
d. dual-mode phone

46. The geographic area served by a single low-power transmitter/receiver. It

categorizes a cellular systems service area.
a. channel
b. service area
c. site
d. cell
 Review Questions
47. Radio frequencies assigned to one channel in a cellular system are limited
to boundaries of a single cell because of their low power. The carrier is
free to use the frequencies again in other cells in the system without
causing any interference. What do you call this method?
a. Frequency assignment
b. Channel utilization
c. Frequency Re-use
d. Optimum Frequency assignment

48. What is the meaning of DSS?

a. Digital Service System
b. Dynamic Service System
c. Data Signal Standard
d. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
 Review Questions
49. Cellular systems are designed so that a phone call can be initiated while
driving in one cell and continued no matter how many cells are driven
through. What is the method of transferring to a new call which is
designed to be transparent to the cellular phone user?
a. Call Transferring
b. Call monitoring
c. Call forwarding
d. Handoff

50. What is the meaning of TDMA?

a. Time Data Multiple Access
b. Telephone Data Multiple Access
c. Time Division Multiple Access
d. Telecommunications Digital Data Access
 Review Questions
51. The means of increasing the capacity of a cellular system by subdividing or
splitting cells into two or more smaller cells.
a. Spectrum allocation
b. Cell allocation
c. Channel splitting
d. Cell splitting

52. This is known as SIM card which contains the subscribers phone number
and billing information as well as memory to store phone numbers.
a. Security Identification Number
b. subscriber Identification Memory
c. Subscriber Identity Module
d. Security Information Module
 Review Questions
53. This is automatically transmitted to the base station every time a cellular
call is placed so the Mobile Switching Center can check the validity of the
call, that the phone has not been reported stolen, that the users monthly
bill has been paid before permitting the call to go through. Each cellular
phone is assigned with this number.
a. Electronic Serial Number
b. Enhanced Series Number
c. Electronic Support Number
d. Electronic Series Number

54. Using a cellular phone outside your home service area.

a. Long Distance Communication
b. Roaming
c. Global communications
d. Jamming
 Review Questions
55. GPRS stands for
a. General Packet Radio Service
b. Generic Protocol Radio Service
c. General Protocol for Radio Service
d. Gateway Procedure for Radio Service

56. What is the meaning of GSM, which is the digital standard for Europe?
a. Global Signal Modulation
b. Global System Memory
c. Group Signal for Mobile Services
d. Global System for Mobile Communications