Introduction to Criminology

with Psychology of Crimes

Prepared by: Shiela Clarisse Adlawan
 Coverage:
• Criminology (Divisions, Nature, History and
Practice)
• Theoretical Approaches of Crime
• Schools of Criminology
What is Criminology?
The study of crime as a social phenomenon .

The entire body of knowledge regarding

crime and criminals and the effort of the
society to prevent and repress them.
The term “criminology or
criminologia” was coined by
an Italian Professor named
Rafaele Garofalo in 1885.

The word was first used by a

French Anthropologist
named Paul Topinard.
Principal Division of
Criminology
1. Etiology of Crimes
2. Sociology of Laws
3. Penology
Nature of Criminology
1. Dynamic
2.Applied Science
3. Nationalistic
4. Social Science
History
 • Bachelor of Science in Criminology
• Board Examination

Who is a
Criminologist?
 Practice of Criminology
1. As a professor, instructor or teacher in Criminology.
2. As a law enforcement administrator, executive,
adviser, consultant or agent in any government or
private agency.
3. As a technician in any scientific aspects of crime
detection.
4. As a correctional administrator, executive,
supervisor, worker or officer in any correctional or
penal institution.
5. As a counselor, expert, adviser, researcher in any
government or private agency on any aspects of
criminal research or project.
Theoretical Approaches
of Crime (SOC)
1.Subjective Approaches
- It deals primarily on the biological explanation on how and
why crimes are committed.

a. Biological
b. Anthropological
c. Medical
d. Physiological
e. Psychological
f. Psychiatric
g. Psychoanalytical
2.Objective Approaches
- It focuses on the study group of individual, social processes
and institutions as influences to and determiners of
behavior.

a. Geographic
b. Socio – cultural
c. Ecological
d. Economic
3. Contemporary Approach
-The combination of the different approaches to
explain the reasons or causes for the commission of
crimes, which focuses on the psychoanalytical,
psychiatric and sociological theories.
 Theories that explains the
existence of criminal behavior

1. Single or Unitary Theory – The crime was only

caused by one factor.
2. Multiple Factor Theory – The crime was caused by
two or more factors.
3. Eclectic Theory – In one situation, crime resulted by one
or more factors while in another instance, it is caused by
another set of factors.
Schools of Criminology in
Different Era
Early Beginnings
Demonological Theory
- It asserted that a
person committed wrongful
acts due to the fact that he
was possessed by demons
or damned by other
unworldly forces.
Pre 20th Century (1738 – 1798)

Classical School of Thought

by Cesare Beccaria
-The most prominent advocates are
Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy
Bentham. They believe that an
individual always acts to seek pleasure
and avoid pain.
Neo- Classical School of Thought
- Believe that there are situations and circumstances that
made it impossible to exercise free will thus make way for the
reasons to exempt an individual from criminal liability.

The primary personalities in this school of thought are known

as the Holy Three of Modern Criminology namely Dr. Cesare
Lombroso, Rafaele Garofalo and Enrico Ferri.
Classification of Criminals According
to Cesare Lombroso

1. Born Criminal
2. Criminal by Passion
3. Criminaloid
4. Insane Criminal
5. Occational Criminal
6. Psuedo Criminal
Positivist Theory
-The primary idea behind positivist criminology is that
criminals are born as such and not made into criminals; in
other words, it is the nature of the person, not nurture, that
results in criminal propensities.
Early 20th Century
Human Ecology Theory
(1864 -1944)
by Robert Ezra Park
-A way of looking at the interactions
of humans with their environments
and considering this relationship as a
system. In this theoretical framework,
biological, social, and physical aspects
of the organism are considered within
the context of their environments.
Anomie theory(1858 -1917)
by David Emile Durkheim
-It indicated that the rules of how
individuals interact with one another
were disintegrating and therefore people
were unable to determine how to act with
one another. As a consequence, anomie
was a state where the expectations of
behavior are unclear, and the system has
broken down. This is known
as normlessness.
In criminology, the idea of anomie is that
the person chooses criminal activity
because the individual believes that there
is no reason not to.
Psychoanalytical theory(1856 -
1969) by Sigmund Freud
-It believe that we are born as blank slates
and it is the things that happen to us in
the early years of life that determine our
ability to develop criminal behavior or
not.
This theory related crime to the imbalance
of id, ego and superego. Id is the
instinctive unconsciousness which is the
instincts we are born with as an infant.
The ego is the rational part of the brain
that develops a little later in childhood.
The superego is the ethical component of
the personality and provides the moral
standards by which the ego operates.
The End