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2 k vac ( )[ n ( ) n ( 2 )]
- Need k small to get efficient conversion
- Problem – strong dispersion in refractive
z
index with frequency in visible and near IR
2
Birefringent Phase-Matching: Uniaxial Crystals
Uniaxial Crystals - optically isotropic in the x-y plane
- z-axis is the “optic axis”
no2 0 0
- for k || z, any two orthogonal directions
= 0 0 n 2 0
o are equivalent eigenmode axes
x
0 0 ne2 cannot phase-match for k || z k
no “ordinary” refractive index ne “extraordinary” refractive index z
y
in x-z plane, ne()
x
- Note: all orthogonal axes in x-y plane
E e k in x-z plane are equivalent for linear optics
- Eo always in x-y plane
- Ee always has z component
( 2)
- angle from x-axis important for d eff
y z
Convention: Eo along y-axis, no
no ( )ne ( )
ne ( , )
[ne2 ( ) cos 2 ( PM ) no2 ( ) sin 2 ( PM )]1 / 2
Type I Phase-Match
1 fundamental eigenmode
+ve uniaxial ne>no
1 harmonic eigenmode
+ve uniaxial oee no(2) = ne(,)
Harmonic (1 photon) Fundamental (need 2 identical photons)
k = 2ke() – ko(2) = 2kvac()[ne(,)-no(2]
x
k
Ee
y z
Eo
Critical phase-match 0<</2 Non-critical phase-match =/2
no(2) = ne(,) no(2) = ne()
n()
n()
ne ne
no
ne(,) no
Because
of optical isotropy in x-y plane
k for phase-matching lies on a cone
at an angle from the z-axis
Eo (2 ) lies in x-y plane
Ee () is to k and Eo (2)
( 2)
Note: d eff does depend on angle from x-axis in x-y plane!!
no ( )ne ( )
no (2 ) ne ( , )
[ne2 ( ) cos 2 ( PM ) no2 ( ) sin 2 ( PM )]1 / 2
ne ( ) no2 ( ) no2 (2 )
insert cos ( PM ) 1 sin ( PM ) sin( PM )
2 2
no (2 ) no2 ( ) ne2 ( )
n() n()
no ne()
no
ne
ne
n() ne
1
Range of [no ( ) ne ( , )]
2
1 no
no ( ) [no ( ) ne ( )]
2
2ne ( ) no (2 ){no ( ) no (2 )}
sin( PM )
2no (2 ) no ( ) no2 ( ) ne2 ( )
Type II -ve uniaxial no > ne
1
-ve uniaxial eoe ne ( ,2 ) [no ( ) ne ( , )]
2
Harmonic Fundamental
1 no ( )ne ( )
no ( ) ne
2 n 2 ( ) cos 2 n 2
( ) sin 2
PM
e PM o
no (2 )ne (2)
ne2 (2 ) cos 2 PM no2 (2 ) sin 2 PM
“Critical” Phase Match “Non-Critical” Phase Match
no()
Difference between the normals to
the curves represent spatial walk-off
between fundamental and harmonic
ne(,)
Reduces conversion efficiency
ne2 (2 , ) 1 1
linear optics tan 2 sin( 2 PM )
no (2 ) ne (2 )
2 2
n (2 ) no (2 )
for small birefringe nce e sin( 2 PM )
no (2 )
“Critical” Versus “Non-Critical” Phase Match
How precise must PM be? I(2) sinc2[kL/2= /2] 4/2 0.5
e.g. Type I eoo (-ve uniaxial)
k 2k vac ( )[ no ( ) ne (2 , )] 2 [no ( ) ne (2 , )] no ( ) f ( )
c
PM PM PM angular detuning from phase - match (from maximum SHG)
n (2 , ) 1 ne2 (2 , )
ne (2 , PM ) ne (2 , PM ) e PM PM PM PM
2
2 2
k 2[no ( ) ne (2 , )] n (2 , )
L L L[no ( ) 0ne (2 , PM ) e PM PM ]
2 2c c
ΔkL
ne (2 , )
2 ( ) 1
Evaluating PM
2
4 L {no (2 ) ne (2 )} sin( 2 PM )
PM
Non-collinear Phase-Matching
x
2 p
(2)
d333 ( x) d333
( p)
exp[ i x]
p
PPLN
p’th Fourier component
k = 2ke() – ke(2) + pK K 2 /
n() n(2)
A modified form of
“non-critical” phase-match
vac ( ) vac ( )
PM | {[ ne (2 ) ne ( )] [no (2 ) no (2 )] }1 |.
4L 4
Quasi-Phase-Matching: Properties (2)
( p)
The relative strengths of the Fourier components d eff depend on a.
sin( pa )
( p)
d 333 (2a 1)d 333 p 0 ( p)
d 333 2 d 333 | p | 1
p
k = 2ke() – ke(2) + pK
p0 Not useful since ke (2 ) ke ( )
p 1 2ke ( ) ke (2 ) K Not useful because ke (2 ) ke ( )
(1)
optimizing d 333 2d 333 [sin( pa )/p ] :
1 2
p 1 optimum for a d 333
(1)
d 333
2
1 3 1
p 2 optimum for a , d 333
( 2)
d 333
4 4
1 1 3 (3) 2
p 3 optimum for a , , d333 d333
6 2 4 3
Higher order gratings can be used to extend phase-matching to
shorter wavelengths, although the nonlinearity does drop off, d333 2d333 / p
( p)
State-of-the-art QPM LiNbO3
Energy conservation : I total ( z ) I1 ( z , ) I 3 ( z , ) [ 12 ( z ) 12 ( z )]I t (0) with 1 (0) 1, 3 (0) 0
~ ( 2) k
Defining : ~ d eff (-2ω; ω, ω) | E (0, ) | ~z s ~ s 21 ( ) 3 ( )
cn
Normalized Coupling Constant Normalized Normalized “Global Phase”
Propagation Wavevector
Distance Detuning
Inserting into coupled wave equations and separating into real and imaginary equations
d d
1 ( ) 1 ( ) 3 ( ) sin 3 ( ) 12 ( ) sin
d d
d d d d d 12 ( )
s 2 1 ( ) 3 ( ) 1 ( ) 3 ( ) cos 3 ( ) cos
d d d d d 3 ( )
d d d d 12 ( )
Substituting for 1 ( ) and 3 ( ) into s cos [2 3 ( ) ]
d d d d 3 ( )
d cos d
After some manipulation s ln[ 12 3 ]
d sin d
I(2)
Δs=0.2
z
~ 3 (solid black line);~ 1.5 (dashed black line); ~ 0.75 (red dashed line);
~ 0.25 (solid blue line, curve multiplied by factor of 4).
Solutions to Type 2 SHG Coupled Wave Equations
d 2 ~ ( 2)
E1() E3 ( z ,2 ) i d eff E1 ( z , )E2 ( z , )eikz
dz n3 (2 )c
2
d ~ ( 2)
E3(2) E1 ( z , ) i d eff E3 ( z ,2 )E2* ( z , )e ikz
dz n1 ( )c
d ~ ( 2)
E2() E2 ( z, ) i d eff E3 ( z ,2 )E1* ( z , )e ikz .
dz n2 ( )c
Normalizations
1
1
Ei ( z , ) ni (i )c 0 I t (0) i ( z ) eii ( z ) I t (0) I1 ( z , ) I 2 ( z , ) I 3 ( z , ).
2i
~ 4 3 k
~ d ( 2) It ~z s ~ s 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( )
eff
0c n1 ( )n2 ( )n3 (2 )
3
Physically useful solutions are given in terms of the photon fluxes N(), i.e. photons/unit area
N i ( ) I t (0) i2 ( ) /
Simple analytical solutions can only be given for the case Δs=0
Type 2 SHG: Phase-Matched
Solutions for Type II SHG N 3 ( ) N 2 (0) sn 2 ( 1 (0) | m)
for s 0 and N1 (0) N 2 (0) N 2 ( ) N 2 (0) N 2 (0) sn 2 ( 1 (0) | m)
N 3 ( )
1. No asymptotic final state
2. All intensities are periodic
with distance N2 ( )
3. Oscillation period depends
on input intensities