Safrizal Ph.

D
 A petroleum system encompasses a pod of active source rock and
all genetically related oil and gas accumulation (Magoon and Beaumont, 1999)

Time
Temperature

Safrizal,2000
Petroleum System Processes
Petroleum System Elements

Gas
Cap
Oil
Accumulation
Entrapment Water Seal Rock
Reservoir
Rock

Migration
120° F
Source
Rock 350° F
Generation
24803
FROM ORGANIC MATERIAL TO
HC ACCUMULATION
FROM ORGANIC MATERIAL TO
HC ACCUMULATION

All stages need

certain physical
and chemical condition
FROM ORGANIC MATERIAL TO
HC ACCUMULATION

All stages need

certain physical
and chemical condition
 1. 2.

3.
l QUANTITY of organic matter
l TYPE of organic matter
l MATURITY of organic matter
l GENERATION of hydrocarbons
l EXPULSION of hydrocarbons
%TOC Grade
< 0.5 Very Poor
0.5 – 1.0 Poor
1.0 – 2.0 Fair
2.0 – 4.0 Good
4.0 – 12.0 Excellent
> 12.0 Oil Shale / Coal

Rating of source rocks after Cornford, 1990, p. 297

The Origin of Petroleum

Organic-rich Thermally
Source Rock Matured Oil
Organic Matter
Source Rock for Petroleum
Organic- Thin
Rich Laminae Measured
Values
Total
Organi Hydroge
c n
Carbon Index
3.39 378

Pyrolyticall
In-Place y
Petroleum Generated
S1 Petroleum
S2
2.24 12.80
1 Inch
LOMPOC Quarry Sample
Monterey Formation, CA
 Adequate Organic material

Organic richness (TOC)

Organic material type

Kerogen type

Maturity of Organic material

maturity level (Ro, Tmax)

QUANTITY:
•ECONOMIC VALUE: Higher is better
•EXPULSION/MIGRATION: 50 MMBO/mil3

QUALITY:
HC PRODUCTS
•Oil prone (Kerogen type I, II)
•Gas Prone (kerogen Type III) VS

MATURITY:
•Just right
 A. SOURCE ROCK ACCUMULATION

Critical Aspects

• Does the rock have sufficient organic matter?

QUANTITATIVE
• Is the organic matter capable of generating HC?

• Is the source-rock oil-prone or gas prone? QUALITATIVE

• Has the organic matter generated petroleum?

MATURITY
• Has the generated petroleum migrated out?
 THE MORE ORGANIC MATTER PRESENT,
THE MORE PETROLEUM THAT MAY BE GENERATED

Where high organic content rocks form?

Depends on:

•Productivity: amount OM on water column

•Physical condition: oxic-destroy; reduc-preserve
•Sedimentation rate: slow-bacteria eat OM
Fast-dilutes with inorganic
medium-best
l QUANTITY of organic matter
l TYPE of organic matter
l MATURITY of organic matter
l GENERATION of hydrocarbons
l EXPULSION of hydrocarbons
Types of Petroleum

Oil and gas are formed by the thermal

cracking of organic compounds buried
in fine-grained rocks.

Algae = Hydrogen rich = Oil-prone

Wood = Hydrogen poor = Gas-prone

Soluble and insoluble organic matter in
sediments

After Cornford, 1990, p. 297 and 301

Kerogen Types

TOC 2.12 WT.% TOC .38 WT.%

 CH3
ETHANE
CH2

CH2

OH
OCH3 METHANE

LIGNIN MOLECULE STRUCTURE

(Type III Kerogen)
R, R’=Long chain alkanes
O
R-C-O-R’
-O-C-R-C-R’-C
O O
WAX CUTIN
WAXES AND CUTIN MOLECULE STRUCTURE (I/III waxy)

Isoprenoid napthanes n-alkanes

LIPIDS MOLECULE STRUCTURE (Type II)

 Kerogen Types
As Determined by Visual Kerogen Analysis, Origin, and HC Potential

Depositional Other Palynology Kerogen Kerogen Hydrocarbon

Environment System Form Type Potential
Lacustrine Lacustrine Algal Alginite I Oil
Sapropel (Plankton)
Fluorescing Fluorescing I or II Oil
Amorphous Amorphous
Herbaceous Exinite II Oil/Condensate
Aquatic Marine " Resinite II "
Sapropel " Liptinite II "
(typically " Suberinite II "
marine) " Sporinite II "
" Cutinite II "
Non-fluorescing Non-fluorescing III or IV Gas or None
Amorphous Amorphous
III Gas mainly.
May have some
Terrestrial Humic Woody Vitrinite oil potential,
Cellulose especially in
SE Asia if
"HI" is > 150.
Coaly Inertinite IV Dead Carbon
No Potential

(after Merril, 1991; Cornford, 1990)

 Organofacies
A different approach to kinetic modelling.
Based on gross depositional environment and stratigraphic age.

Pepper and Corvi, 1995

l QUANTITY of organic matter
l TYPE of organic matter
l MATURITY of organic matter
l GENERATION of hydrocarbons
l EXPULSION of hydrocarbons
FROM ORGANIC MATERIAL TO
HC ACCUMULATION

All stages need

certain physical
and chemical condition
 Molekul biogenik Material organisme Kehidupan
0,01

Biokimia dan D
degradasi kimia I
Diagenesis: transformasi
A material organik dalam
0,1 G
K E lingkungan sedimen yang
E Fragmen lebih kecil N
D E
terjadi pada temperatur
A S relatif rendah.
L Kondensasi I
A 1 S
M Polimerisasi
A
Katagenesis: penguraian
N termal kerogen besar atau
(M) Humus
Kehilangan molekul aspaltena menjadi
Metana
10 CO2, H2O, NH3 molekul lebih kecil yang
kemudian akan menjadi
bagian fraksi bitumen dalam
100 Kerogen K
A N batuan induk.
Minyak Maturasi termal T E
1000 A S
Gas G I Metagenesis: jenjang lanjut
E S
maturitas termal yang
10.000 Karbon mati Perengkahan ditunjukkan dengan adanya
METAGENESIS
pembentukan gas dan
Gambar 3.1. Transformasi material organik dalam sedimen dan batuan sedimen perengkahan (cracking).
(diadaptasi dari Waples, 1985).
•Practical description of organic rich rocks at sufficient stage
in thermal evolution to produce hydrocarbons of economic
importance

•Empirically derived relationship between observed changes

in organic material with increase in (generally) burial depth
Maturation and Generated Hydrocarbons
Modified from Dow, 1977
After Senftle and Landis,
1991, in Merril, R.K. (ed.)
Source and Migration
Processes and Evaluation
Techniques, AAPG Treatise
of Petroleum Geology, p. 120.
 Lopatin (TTI) Method
 Reaction Rate Doubles Every 10°C

 Limitations
 Older Technology
 Not Based on True Kinetic Parameters
 Cannot Estimate Hydrocarbon Products
Maturation as a function
of time and temperature
Thermal Maturity
and Chemical History

• Kinetic Models

– Based on the Arrhenius Law

• Based on Experimental Results

• Better Prediction of Timing of Hydrocarbon Generation
• Predicts Hydrocarbon Volumes