DC-DC Converter Drives

• Principle of Power Control

• Principle of Regenerative Brake Control
• Principle of Rheostatic Brake Control
• Combined Regenerative and Rheostatic
Brake Control
• Two and Four Quadrant DC – DC
Converter Drives

ECE 442 Power Electronics 1

Converter-fed DC Drive for a
Separately-Excited Motor

ECE 442 Power Electronics 2

Waveform Summary
Highly Inductive Load
Ripple-free Armature Current

ECE 442 Power Electronics 3

 Principle of Power Control

• The average armature voltage is

Va  kVs
• The power supplied to the motor is

Po  Va I a  kVs I a

ECE 442 Power Electronics 4

 Principle of Power Control (continued)

• The average value of the input current is

I s  kIa
• The equivalent input resistance seen by the
source is
Vs Vs
Req  
I s kIa

Control Power Flow by adjusting the duty cycle

ECE 442 Power Electronics 5
 Principle of Power Control (continued)

• To find the maximum peak-to-peak ripple

current
Vs Rm
I max  tanh
Rm 4 fLm

ECE 442 Power Electronics 6

Example 15.7

A dc separately excited motor is powered by a dc-dc converter, as shown, from a 600V dc source. The armature
resistance is Ra = 0.05Ω. The back emf constant is Kv = 1.527V/A rad/s. The average armature current is Ia = 250A. The
field current is If = 2.5A. The armature current is continuous and has negligible ripple. If the duty cycle of the dc-dc
converter is 60%, determine:

ECE 442 Power Electronics 7

Example 15.7

Solution

Vs  600V
I a  250 A
k  0.6
Rm  Ra  0.05

the input power from the source

Po  Va I a  kVs I a
Po  (0.6)(600V )(250 A)  90kW

the equivalent input resistance of the dc-dc converter drive

Vs Vs 1
Req  
Is Ia k
600V
Req   4
(250 A)(0.6)

ECE 442 Power Electronics 8

the motor speed

E g  K v I f
Eg  Va  Rm I m
Va  kVs  (0.6)(600V )  360V
Eg  360V  (0.05)(250 A)  347.5V
Eg 347.5V
   91.03rad / s
Kv I f (1.527V / Arad / s )(2.5 A)
 30 
  91.03    869.3rpm
 

the developed torque

Td  Kt I f I a  Kv I f I a
Td  (1.527V / Arad / s)(250 A)(2.5 A)  954.38N  m

ECE 442 Power Electronics 9

Application of a DC – DC Converter
in Regenerative Braking

ECE 442 Power Electronics 10

 Waveform Summary
Armature Current Continuous
and Ripple-Free

ECE 442 Power Electronics 11

 Regenerative Braking

• Begin with the motor

turning by kinetic
energy of the vehicle
• Armature current flows
as shown
• Turn the transistor on
• Armature current rises
• Turn the transistor off
• Diode turns on, current
flows into the supply
ECE 442 Power Electronics 12
 Principle of Regenerative Braking

• The average voltage across the transistor is

Vch  (1  k )Vs
• The regenerated power can be found from

Pg  I aVs (1  k )

ECE 442 Power Electronics 13

 Principle of Regenerative Braking
(continued)
• The voltage generated by the motor acting as a
generator is
Eg  K v I f 
Eg  Vch  Rm I a  (1  k )Vs  Rm I a
• The equivalent load resistance of the motor
acting as a generator is Control Power by changing k

Eg Vs
Req   (1  k )  Rm
Ia Ia
ECE 442 Power Electronics 14
0  ( E g  Rm I a )  Vs
E g  K v min I f  Rm I a
Rm I a
 min  Minimum Braking Speed
Kv I f
   min

K v max I f  Rm I a  Vs
Vs Rm I a
 max   Maximum Braking
Speed
Kv I f Kv I f
   max
ECE 442 Power Electronics 15
Example 15.8

A dc-dc converter is used in regenerative braking of a dc series motor similar to the arrangement shown below. The dc
supply voltage is 600V. The armature resistance is Ra = 0.02Ω and the field resistance is Rf = 0.03Ω. The back emf
constant is Kv = 15.27mV/A rad/s. The average armature current is maintained constant at Ia = 250A. The armature
current is continuous and has negligible ripple. If the duty cycle of the dc-dc converter is 60%, determine the following:

For this example, the field and

armature need to be in series

ECE 442 Power Electronics 16

Example 15.8

Solution

Vs  600V
I a  250 A
K v  0.01527V / Arad / s
k  0.6
Rm  Ra  R f

Determine the average voltage across the converter.

Vch  (1  k )Vs
Vch  (1  0.6)(600V )  240V

Determine the power regenerated to the dc supply

Pg  I aVs (1  k )
Pg  (250 A)(600V )(1  0.6)  60kW

Determine the equivalent resistance of the motor acting as a generator

Eg Vs
Req   (1  k )  Rm
Ia Ia
Rm  Ra  R f  0.02  0.03  0.05
600V
Req  (1  0.6)  0.05  1.01
250 A

ECE 442 Power Electronics 17

Determine the minimum permissible braking speed ωmin

Rm I a 0.05 250 A
min    3.274rad / s
K v I f 0.01527V / Arad / s 250 A
1rev 60s
min  3.274rad / s  31.26rpm
2 rad 1min

Determine the maximum permissible braking speed ωmax

Vs R I
max   m a
Kv I f Kv I f
600V 0.05
max  
(0.01527V / Arad / s )(250 A) 0.01527V / Arad / s
max  160.445rad / s
 30 
max  160.445    1532.14rpm
 

Determine the motor speed

Eg
Eg  K v I f    
Kv I f
Eg  (1  k )Vs  Rm I a  240V  (0.05)(250 A)  252.5V
252.5V
  66.14rad / s
(0.01527V / Arad / s )(250 A)
 30 
  66.14    631.6rpm
 

ECE 442 Power Electronics 18

Rheostatic Brake Control
Dynamic Braking

ECE 442 Power Electronics 19

Waveform Summary

ECE 442 Power Electronics 20

 Principle of Rheostatic Brake Control

• The average current in the braking resistor is

I b  I a (1  k )

• The average voltage across the braking

resistor is

Vb  Rb I a (1  k )

ECE 442 Power Electronics 21

 Principle of Rheostatic Brake Control
(continued)
• The equivalent load resistance of the generator

Vb
Req   Rb (1  k )  Rm
Ia

• The power dissipated in the resistor Rb is

Pb  I a2 Rb (1  k )

ECE 442 Power Electronics 22

Example 15.9

A dc-dc converter is used in rheostatic braking of a dc separately excited motor as shown below. The armature
resistance is Ra = 0.05Ω. The braking resistor is Rb = 5Ω. The back emf constant is Kv = 1.527V/A rad/s. The average
armature current is maintained constant at Ia = 150A. The armature current is continuous and has negligible ripple. The
field current is If = 1.5A. If the duty cycle of the dc-dc converter is 40%, determine:

ECE 442 Power Electronics 23

Example 15.9

Solution

I a  150 A
K v  1.527V / Arad / s
k  0.4
Rm  Ra  0.05

the average voltage across the dc-dc converter.

Vch  Vb  Rb I a (1  k )
Vch  (5)(150 A)(1  0.4)  450V

the power dissipated in the braking resistor

Pb  I a2 Rb (1  k )
Pb  (150 A)2 (5)(1  0.4)  67.5kW

the equivalent resistance of the motor acting as a generator

Vb
Req   Rb (1  k )  Rm
Ia
Req  (5)(1  0.4)  0.05  3.05

ECE 442 Power Electronics 24

the motor speed ω

Eg  K v I f 
Eg 457.5V
   199.74rad / s
Kv I f (1.527V / Arad / s )(1.5 A)
 30 
  199.74    1907.4rpm
 

the peak dc converter voltage

Vp  I a Rb
Vp  (150 A)(5)  750V

ECE 442 Power Electronics 25

Combined Regenerative and
Rheostatic Brake Control

ECE 442 Power Electronics 26

 Combined Regenerative and
Rheostatic Brake Control (continued)
• Used when the supply
is partly “receptive”
• Remove regenerative
braking if line voltage
is too high
– Turn thyristor TR on
– Divert current to RB
– Apply rheostatic braking
– TR is “self-commutated”

ECE 442 Power Electronics 27

Two-Quadrant DC–DC Converter Drive

ECE 442 Power Electronics 28

 Quadrant Operation Summary

Regenerative Braking Control Power Control

ECE 442 Power Electronics 29

 Power Control

• Q1 and D2 operate
• Q1 ON, Vs applied to
the motor
• Q1 turned OFF, D2
“free-wheels”
• Armature current
decays

ECE 442 Power Electronics 30

 Regenerative Control

• Q2 and D1 operate
• Q2 turned ON, motor
acts as a generator,
and the armature
current rises
• Q2 turned OFF, motor
returns energy to the
supply via D1 “free-
wheeling”

ECE 442 Power Electronics 31

Four Quadrant DC-DC Converter Drive

ECE 442 Power Electronics 32

 Quadrant Operation Summary
Forward Regeneration Forward Power Control

Reverse Power Control Reverse Regeneration

ECE 442 Power Electronics 33
 Forward Power Control

• Q1 and Q2 turned ON
• Supply voltage appears
across the motor
• Armature current rises
• Q1 and Q2 turned OFF
• Armature current
decays via D3 and D4

ECE 442 Power Electronics 34

 Forward Regeneration

• Q1, Q2, and Q3 turned

OFF
• Turn Q4 ON
• Armature current rises
and flows through Q4, D2
• Q4 turned OFF, motor
acts as a generator,
returns energy back to ia reverses
the supply via D1, D2
ECE 442 Power Electronics 35
 Reverse Power Control

• Q3 and Q4 turned ON
• Supply voltage appears
in the reverse direction
across the motor
• Armature current rises
and flows in the ia
reverse direction
• Q3 and Q4 turned OFF
• Armature current
decays via D1 and D2
ECE 442 Power Electronics 36
 Reverse Regeneration

• Q1, Q3, Q4 turned OFF

• Q2 turned ON
• Armature current rises
through Q2 and D4
• Q2 turned OFF ia
• Armature current falls
and returns energy via
D3 and D4

ECE 442 Power Electronics 37