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Methionine Beans
and other
legumes
Valine
Threonine
Phenylalanine
Leucine
Corn (maize)
and other grains
Isoleucine
Tryptophan
Lysine
Figure 41.10
• Animals can synthesize most of the fatty
acids they need
• The essential fatty acids are certain
unsaturated fatty acids
• Vitamins are organic molecules
– Required in the diet in small amounts
Pieces
of food
Undigested
Food
material
Figure 41.12
• Sponges digest their food entirely by the
intracellular mechanism
Mouth
Food
Gastrovascular
cavity
Epidermis
Mesenchyme
Gastrodermis
Nutritive
muscular
cells
Flagella
Gland cells
Food vacuoles
Mesenchyme
Figure 41.13
• Animals with a more complex body plan
– Have a digestive tube with two openings, a
mouth and an anus
Bacteria
Mucus
layer of
stomach
1 µm
Figure 41.18
The duodenum
• The enormous microvillar surface
– Is an adaptation that greatly increases the
rate of nutrient absorption
Microvilli
Vein carrying blood to (brush border)
hepatic portal vessel
Figure 41.23
Blood
capillaries
Epithelial
cells
Muscle layers
Epithelial cells
Large
circular Lacteal
Villi
folds
Key Lymph
Villi vessel
Nutrient Intestinal wall
absorption
• Amino acids and sugars
– Pass through the epithelium of the small
intestine and enter the bloodstream
Figure 41.25
• A major function of the colon
– Is to recover water that has entered the
alimentary canal
• The wastes of the digestive tract, the feces
– Become more solid as they move through the
colon
– Pass through the rectum and exit via the anus
• The colon houses various strains of the
bacterium Escherichia coli
– Some of which produce various vitamins
Evolutionary adaptations of
vertebrate digestive systems
• Ingestion adaptations
• Digestion adaptations
Dentition and diet
The digestive tracts of a carnivore (coyote) and a herbivore (koala) compared
Symbiotic Adaptations
• Many herbivorous animals have
fermentation chambers
Esophagus
Figure 41.28
4 Abomasum. The cud, containing great numbers of microorganisms, 3 Omasum. The cow then reswallows
finally passes to the abomasum for digestion by the cow‘s own the cud (blue arrows), which moves to
enzymes (black arrows). the omasum, where water is removed.
INSECT
AMPHIBIAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM