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3. Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2007
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
•Ca de pulmón es el cáncer mas común
metastásico a pleura en hombres
•Adenocarcinoma vs células
pequeñas
Direct Result
Pleural metastases with increased permeability
Pleural metastases with obstruction of pleural lymphatic vesels
Mediastinal lymph node involvement with decreased pleural
lymphatic dranage
Thoracic duct interruption (chylothorax)
Bronchial obstruction (decreased pleural pressures)
Pericardial involvement
Indirect Result
Hipoproteinemia
Postobstructive pneumonits
Pulmonary embolism
Postradiation therapy
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
•Clásicamente la obstrucción linfática es la anormalidad
fisiopatológica primaria
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Mecanismo no
completamente
conocido
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
La obstrucción de los linfáticos contribuye a la acumulación de
liquido en el espacio pleural pero no es el mecanismo principal en
la mayoría de los casos
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Obstrucción bronquial
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Otras causas:
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
•Disnea (+50%)
•Perdida de peso (32%)
•Malestar general (21%)
•Anorexia (14%)
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
*Antunes G , Neville E , Duffy J, Ali N, BTS guidelines for the management of malignant pleural
Effusions, Thorax 2003;58(Suppl II):29–38
• EF no específica
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Sugestivo de malignidad
a) Nodularidad pleural
b) Corteza pleural
c) Compromiso pleural mediastinal
d) Engrosamiento pleural mayor a 1cm
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Liquido pleural
•30-50% -100,000/mm3
•Linfocitos 45%
•Células mononucleares 40%
•Polimorfonucleares 15%
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Diagnostico se establece con la
demostración de células malignas en el
liquido pleural o en la pleura
•Biopsia pleural
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Examen citológico
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Pruebas inmunohistoquimicas
•Calretinina Mesotelioma
•Citoqueratina
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Marcadores tumorales
•CEA
•Antígenos carbohidratados 15-3, 19-
9,549, 724
•Enolasa especifica de neuronas
•Citoqueratina 19
•SSEA-1
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Biopsia pleural
•Positiva en 39-75%
T
•50% la pleura parietal costal no esta
Pacientes
C
con
dx no aparente
involucrada
después de citología de liquido
•Pacientes con malignidad y citología pleural y marcadores tumorales y
negativa (20%) marcadores para TB
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Tratamiento
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Quimioterapia sistémica
•Pleurodesis contraindicada
•Angiogenesis es necesaria para pleurodesis
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Quimioterapia intrapleural
•Quimioterapia intrapleural no es
muy útil
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Drenaje pleural permanente (PleurX)
•Pacientes con derrames recurrentes no regresen
tantas veces al hospital
Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
Pleurodesis
*Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
John E. HEFFNER, Diagnosis and management of malignant pleural effusions,
Respirology (2008) 13, 5–20
PRONÓSTICO
•No es bueno
•Media de supervivencia en 417
Sobrevida
pacientes con derrame pleural maligno
•3 meses / 146 pacientes / CA
fue de solo 4 meses
pulmón
•2.3 meses / 18 pacientes/CA
Factores pronostico
gastrointestinal
1. Fuente del tumor
•5meses/ 60 pacientes/ CA mama
2. Escala de Karnofsky
3. pH menor a 7.20
4. Glucosa menor a 60 mg/dL en el
líquido pleural
5. Niveles de LDH más del doble del
limite normal en suero
*Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007
*Pleural diseases, Richard W. Light. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007