Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Susianti,
M.Sc.
GENERAL FEATURES
A. General Functions
■ The largest and heaviest organ
■ Protects:Microorganism, toxic substances,
dehydration, UV, impact, friction
■ Sensory receptor
■ Excretion
■ Vit D metabolism
■ Regulation of blood pressure and body temperature
B. General Organization
■ 2 type :
◻ Thin skin (epidermis 75-150 µm)
◻ Thick skin (epidermis 400-600 µm)
■ Consist of:
◻ Epidermis
◻ Dermis
Epidermis (Thick Skin)
L
Thin Skin
1. Epidermis
■ Outer layer of skin, from ectoderm
■ Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
■ Avascular
■ Innervation is by uncapsulated nerve endings
■ 5 layers:
◻ Stratum corneum superficial
◻ Stratum lucidum
◻
◻
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
↓
◻ Stratum basale deep
2. Dermal-epidermal junction
Exfoliation
L
1. Stratum Basale (germinativum)
• Columnar
basophilic
• Single layer
• Desmosom
• Hemidesmosom
• Tonofilaments
2. Stratum spinosum
• Cuboidal/polygonal
untill slightly
flattened
• Several layers
• Tonofibril →spiny
appearance
• Malphigian layers
• 3 – 5 layers
• Flattened polygonal
• Basophilic
keratohyalin
granules
• Ovoid/ rodlike
lamellar granules
→release
glycosaminoglycans
and phospholipids
4. Stratum Lucidum
• Acidophilic
• Translucent
• Without nuclei and organelles
• Dense cytokeratin embedded in matrix (from keratin
granules), sometimes called eleidin
5. Stratum Corneum
• Dead cells
• Plate like
• No nucleus
L
• Thickened plasma membrane
• Mature keratin / scleroprotein
B. Pigmentation System
■ Factors affecting skin color:Melanin and
carotene,number of blood vessels,blood color,
thickness of dermis
1. MELANINS
- Skin, eye, hair color
- Synthesized by melanocytes
- Eumelanins (dark brown) & pheomelanins (red)
MELANOCYTES
Diagram of a melanocyte (shown in color). Its arms extend upward into the interstices
between keratinocytes. The melanin granules are synthesized in the melanocyte, migrate
to its arms, and are transferred into the cytoplasm of keratinocytes. Ribosomes, Golgi
complex, rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are also present.
2. MELANOCYTES
- Derive from the neural crest
- Scattered among the keratinocytes of the
stratum basale
- Have round cell bodies, central nuclei and
long cytoplasmic processes
- Melanosomes: in which melanin is
synthesized
- Dark- and lightly- skinned races: the same
number of melanocytes
3. MELANIN SYNTHESIS
Tyrosinase Tyrosinase
⇓ ⇓
Tyrosin → DOPA → Dopaquinone →Melanin
■ Contain:
◻ Hair follicles
◻ Sebaceous glands
◻ Sweat glands
■ Consist of 2 layers of vascular connective tissue:
◻ Papillary layer
◻ Reticular layer
INTEGUMENT
1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum
germinativum 14. Epidermis
traversed by duct
3. Dermal papillae of a sweat gland
4. Dermis : reticular
layer 15. Sebaceous
5. Hair follicles (tg.s) gland
6. Sebaceous glands
16. Duct of a sweat
glands (l.s)
7. Erector muscles
17. Hair (cortex)
(arrector pili
muscles)
18. Internal root sheath
8. Hair follicles (l.s)
19. Connective
sheath of hair
9. Ducts of sweat glands follicle
(sudoriferous)
20. External root sheath
10. Hair bulbs (bases of of hair follicle
hair follicles) 21. Medulla and matrix
of hair
11. Papillae of hair
follicles 22. Lamellar corpuscles
(Pacinian corpuscles)
12. Secretory sections 23. Adipose tissue in
of sweat glands subcutaneous layer
24. Vein
13. Skeletal muscle 25. Arteriole
A. Papillary Layer
■ Loose connective tissue
■ Rich in elastic fibers
■ Dermal papillae interdigitate with epidermal ridges
■ Anchoring fibrils (special collagen fibers)
■ The tips of dermal papillae contain Meissner’s
corpuscles
B. Reticular Layer
■ Two types:
◻ Eccrine (merocrine)
◻ Apocrine
A. Eccrine (merocrine) Sweat Glands
- Distribution, occur most of the body, except, glans
penis, clitoris, lips
- Structure :
1. Duct : coiled, simple to stratified cuboidal
epithelium
2. Secretory portion (pyramidal+myoepithelial)
3. Secretory product : watery secretion (NaCl,
urea, ammonia, uric acid)
- Excreting products of protein metabolism
- Evaporation of water reduces body
temperature
B. Apocrine Sweat Glands
B. Apocrine sweat glands
- Distribution : axilla, pubic and anal regions, areola of the
breasts
- Structure : simple coiled tubular
- Duct : Coiled ducts + low cuboidal epithelium
- Secretory portions : in dermis, wide lumen, cuboidal to
columnar cells + myoepithelial
- Secretory products : viscous, odorless fluid
Apocrine: secretory cells released their apical
cytoplasm.