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By: dr.

Susianti,
M.Sc.
GENERAL FEATURES
A. General Functions
■ The largest and heaviest organ
■ Protects:Microorganism, toxic substances,
dehydration, UV, impact, friction
■ Sensory receptor
■ Excretion
■ Vit D metabolism
■ Regulation of blood pressure and body temperature
B. General Organization

■ 2 type :
◻ Thin skin (epidermis 75-150 µm)
◻ Thick skin (epidermis 400-600 µm)

■ Consist of:
◻ Epidermis
◻ Dermis
Epidermis (Thick Skin)

L
Thin Skin
1. Epidermis
■ Outer layer of skin, from ectoderm
■ Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
■ Avascular
■ Innervation is by uncapsulated nerve endings
■ 5 layers:
◻ Stratum corneum superficial
◻ Stratum lucidum


Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum

◻ Stratum basale deep
2. Dermal-epidermal junction

■ The stratum basale is underlying by a basement


membrane
■ Epidermal ridges
■ Dermal papillae
3. Dermis
■ Inner layer, from mesoderm
■ Vascular connective tissue
■ Divided into:
◻ Papillary layer
◻ Reticular layer
■ Richly supplied with free nerve ending
■ Variety of encapsulated sensory receptors and
autonomic fibers that control the vascular
smooth muscle
4. Hipodermis/ subcutaneous
fascia
■ Not a part of the skin
■ Derive from mesoderm
■ Loose connective and adipose tissue
■ Variety of thickness depending on: nutritional
status, level of activity, body region, gender
C. Structures Associated with the skin
■ Glands (sebaceous & sweat)
■ Hairs
■ Nails
EPIDERMIS

■ Two major cell populations:


◻ Keratinocytes
◻ Melanocytes
■ Two minor cell populations:
◻ Langerhan’s
◻ Merkel’s
A. Keratinizing System
■ Keratinocytes make up most of the epidermis
■ Continous turnover (renewal) of the skin surface
by passing through 4 overlapping processes:
◻ Cell renewal/ mitosis
◻ Differentiation/keratinization
◻ Cell death
◻ Exfoliation
■ Entire process take 15-30 days
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE
KERATINIZING SYSTEM

Exfoliation

Str. Corneum Cell death


Str. Lucidum
Keratinization
Str. Granulosum
Str. Spinosum
Cell renewal
Str. Germinativum (mitotic activity)
15 – 30 days
Malphighian Layer
5 layers of the epidermis:

L
1. Stratum Basale (germinativum)

• Columnar
basophilic
• Single layer
• Desmosom
• Hemidesmosom
• Tonofilaments
2. Stratum spinosum

• Cuboidal/polygonal
untill slightly
flattened
• Several layers
• Tonofibril →spiny
appearance
• Malphigian layers

• Mitotic rate is lower


than stratum basale
3. Stratum Granulosum

• 3 – 5 layers
• Flattened polygonal
• Basophilic
keratohyalin
granules
• Ovoid/ rodlike
lamellar granules
→release
glycosaminoglycans
and phospholipids
4. Stratum Lucidum
• Acidophilic
• Translucent
• Without nuclei and organelles
• Dense cytokeratin embedded in matrix (from keratin
granules), sometimes called eleidin
5. Stratum Corneum
• Dead cells
• Plate like
• No nucleus
L
• Thickened plasma membrane
• Mature keratin / scleroprotein
B. Pigmentation System
■ Factors affecting skin color:Melanin and
carotene,number of blood vessels,blood color,
thickness of dermis

1. MELANINS
- Skin, eye, hair color
- Synthesized by melanocytes
- Eumelanins (dark brown) & pheomelanins (red)
MELANOCYTES
Diagram of a melanocyte (shown in color). Its arms extend upward into the interstices
between keratinocytes. The melanin granules are synthesized in the melanocyte, migrate
to its arms, and are transferred into the cytoplasm of keratinocytes. Ribosomes, Golgi
complex, rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are also present.
2. MELANOCYTES
- Derive from the neural crest
- Scattered among the keratinocytes of the
stratum basale
- Have round cell bodies, central nuclei and
long cytoplasmic processes
- Melanosomes: in which melanin is
synthesized
- Dark- and lightly- skinned races: the same
number of melanocytes
3. MELANIN SYNTHESIS

Tyrosinase Tyrosinase
⇓ ⇓
Tyrosin → DOPA → Dopaquinone →Melanin

4. FATE OF MATURE MELANIN GRANULES


-Mature melanin granules injected into keratinocytes
-Melanin granules accumulate over the nuclei of
dividing keratinocytes to protect nuclei.
5. MELANIN FUNCTION
- Melanin’s major protective effect from free
radicals

6. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING MELANIN


SYNTHESIS:
- Exposure to UV rays
- Melanocytes- Stimulating Hormones
- ACTH → Addison’s disease
- Albinism
- Hydroquinone
C. Langerhan’s Cells
■ Star shaped cells in the stratum spinosum
■ Rodlike or racket shaped cytoplasmic granules
(Birbeck’s granules)
■ As a macrophage and antigen- presenting
cells
■ Also occur in oral and vagina epithel
LANGERHAN’S CELL
D. Merkel’s Cells
■ In the stratum basale
■ Most numerous in thick skin
■ Resemble basal keratinocytes
■ Free nerve ending form a dislike expansion
(Merkel’s disk) that covers the basal surface of
each Merkel’s cell
→ as sensory mechanoreceptors
DERMIS

■ Contain:
◻ Hair follicles
◻ Sebaceous glands
◻ Sweat glands
■ Consist of 2 layers of vascular connective tissue:
◻ Papillary layer
◻ Reticular layer
INTEGUMENT
1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum
germinativum 14. Epidermis
traversed by duct
3. Dermal papillae of a sweat gland
4. Dermis : reticular
layer 15. Sebaceous
5. Hair follicles (tg.s) gland
6. Sebaceous glands
16. Duct of a sweat
glands (l.s)
7. Erector muscles
17. Hair (cortex)
(arrector pili
muscles)
18. Internal root sheath
8. Hair follicles (l.s)
19. Connective
sheath of hair
9. Ducts of sweat glands follicle
(sudoriferous)
20. External root sheath
10. Hair bulbs (bases of of hair follicle
hair follicles) 21. Medulla and matrix
of hair
11. Papillae of hair
follicles 22. Lamellar corpuscles
(Pacinian corpuscles)
12. Secretory sections 23. Adipose tissue in
of sweat glands subcutaneous layer
24. Vein
13. Skeletal muscle 25. Arteriole
A. Papillary Layer
■ Loose connective tissue
■ Rich in elastic fibers
■ Dermal papillae interdigitate with epidermal ridges
■ Anchoring fibrils (special collagen fibers)
■ The tips of dermal papillae contain Meissner’s
corpuscles
B. Reticular Layer

■ Thicker layer of dense irregular connective tissue


■ Richly vascularized: Arterioanastomoses/shunt
■ Richly supply of nerves free and encapsulated
endings (Eg: Pacinian corpuscles)
BLOOD SUPPLY
■ Skin receive blood supply through the dermal
blood vessels (4.5 % of the body total blood
volume)
1. Arterial plexuses
2. Papillary capillaries
3. Venous plexuses
4. Arteriovenous anastomoses (shunts)
The Skin Circulation
HAIR

■ Only in thin skin


■ Its color, size, shape and distribution vary
according to race, age, sex, and body region
■ Structures that form and maintain: hair follicles
A. Follicle and Hair Development
1. FOLLICLES

- In the third month of human development:


local epidermal thickenings form → invade
the dermis → dermal papila invades
epidermal down growth
- Differentiation: hair bulb → hair follicle +
sebaceous gland
2. HAIRS
- Fifth or sixth month of gestation: fine hair
(lanugo).
- Before birth: Lanugo shed, except: scalp,
eyebrows, eyelashes
- A few month after birth:
* lanugo → coarser mature terminal hair,
* rest of body→ fine short hair (vellus)
- Puberty: coarse terminal hairs replace vellus in specific
body areas

axilla, pubic region, face, over the rest


of the body

axilla, pubic region


B. Follicle and
Hair Structure
1. Germinal matrix
2. Hair shaft layers: medulla,
cortex, cuticle DP:Dermal
papilla
3. Root sheats: Internal root
sheath, external root
sheath, glassy membrane,
connective tissue sheath
4. Associated structures:
Sebaceous glands,
arrector pili muscles
Hair Follicle
C. Keratinization of Hair

Different with epidermis:


- Keratin is harder
- Keratinized hair cells remain tightly attached,
not sloughed
- Keratinization is intermittent and restrict in the
bulb
- Differ in structure and function depending on
hair position
D. Hair Growth

■ Not continous, but cycles


■ Growing phase: Proliferation and differentiation
■ Resting phase: germinal matrix become
inactive
NAILS
A. Nail Develpoment
■ The end of the third month of the embryonic
development : Narrow plate of epidermis invades
underlying dermis
■ Nail groove
■ Nail matrix → Differentiate → nail plate, nail bed
B. Nail Complex Structure
▪ Nail plate (nail body, nail root)
▪ Nail matrix
▪ Nail bed
▪ Eponychium (or cuticle)
▪ Hyponychium (distal)
▪ Lunula (whitish, opaque,
crescent shaped region on
the proximal nail body)
Fingernail
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
A. Structures and Location

■ Exocrine gland in the thin skin


■ Often in association with hair follicle
■ Most numerous: face, forehead, scalp
■ Acinar secretory contain many large lipid
Sebaceous Glands
B. Function
▪ Containing a mixture of triglycerides, waxes,
squalene, and cholesterol and its esters.
▪ Mixture + Cell debris: Sebum
▪ Holocrine secretion
▪ Lubricates the skin, have antibacterial or antifungal
effects
Sweat glands

■ Two types:
◻ Eccrine (merocrine)
◻ Apocrine
A. Eccrine (merocrine) Sweat Glands
- Distribution, occur most of the body, except, glans
penis, clitoris, lips
- Structure :
1. Duct : coiled, simple to stratified cuboidal
epithelium
2. Secretory portion (pyramidal+myoepithelial)
3. Secretory product : watery secretion (NaCl,
urea, ammonia, uric acid)
- Excreting products of protein metabolism
- Evaporation of water reduces body
temperature
B. Apocrine Sweat Glands
B. Apocrine sweat glands
- Distribution : axilla, pubic and anal regions, areola of the
breasts
- Structure : simple coiled tubular
- Duct : Coiled ducts + low cuboidal epithelium
- Secretory portions : in dermis, wide lumen, cuboidal to
columnar cells + myoepithelial
- Secretory products : viscous, odorless fluid
Apocrine: secretory cells released their apical
cytoplasm.

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