IP Addressing Scheme

(Topic 4)
Textbook:
Networking Basics, CCNA 1 Companion Guide, Cisco Press
Cisco Networking Academy Program, CCNA 1 and 2,
Companion Guide, Cisco Press, Latest Edition

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 1

 IP Address Fundamentals
• Logical address
• IPv4 (32 bits, usually in dotted-decimal,
e.g. 192.168.123.1)
• Must be unique inside a particular network

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 2

 Address Assignment (1)
• All hosts on the same LAN must use the same
value for the first part of their IP addresses
(length depends on size of the network)
• IP addresses are assigned to network interfaces
rather than to entire computers

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 3

 Address Assignment (2)
• ipconfig

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 4

 Address Assignment (3)
• 3 key rules
– Devices on the same LAN must use IP
addresses in the same group (IP network)
– Devices on different LANs that are separated
by at least one router must use IP addresses
in different IP networks
– IP addresses must be unique inside the same
internetwork
• Fig 9-13
CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 5
• Three networks
– All IP addresses that begin with 10
– All IP addresses that begin with 11
– All IP addresses that begin with 12
CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 6
 Network Classes (1)
• Unicast IP address
– An IP address that can be assigned to a single interface
• IPv4 defines 3 three classes of unicast IP addresses, determined
by the value of the first octet of the address
• An address includes two parts (no subnetting)
– network part
– host part

Range of values Class Length of Length of Host

In first octet Network Part Part
1-126 A 1 octet 3 octets

128-191 B 2 octets 2 octets

192-223 C 3 octets 1 octet

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 7
 Network Classes (2)
• Fig 9-14

• A unicast IP address determines its class and structure,

specifically, the size of the network and host parts of the
address
• An IP network consists of all unicast IP addresses for
which the network part’s value is the same
CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 8
 Network Classes (3)
• Fig 9-15

IP Address Class Network part Host part

10.1.1.1
172.22.3.4
192.168.55.66
CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 9
 Network Classes (4)
• IPv4 uses class D IP addresses to multicast packets to a
multicast destination IP address (all hosts will receive a
copy of the packet)
• Table 9-7

• Values of 0 and 127 are not listed in the first octet

– 127.0.0.1, loopback IP address
– Network 0.0.0.0 has been reserved
CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 10
 Network Classes (5)
• IP network number (network ID) is a dotted-decimal number that
represents a particular IP network. E.g. 10.0.0.0
• First and last number in a network are reserved
– 10.0.0.0 (network ID)
– 10.255.255.255 (network broadcast address)

IP Address Class Network address Host address

10.1.1.1
172.22.3.4
192.168.55.66

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 11

 Network Classes (6)
• Fig 9-17

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 12

 Number of Hosts per Network
• Depends on number of bits of the Host part

Class Network Host Number of Hosts per

part (bits) part (bits) Network
A
B
C

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 13

 Number of Class A, B, C Networks
• Depends on number of bits of the network part
• How many class A? 28 ? 28 – 2 ?

Class Network “Fixed” bits Bits that Number of Networks

part (bits) at beginning can vary
A

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 14

 Subnetting (1)
• Subnetting allows the network designer to
subdivide a classful IP network into
smaller groups, called subnets
• Class A network 10.0.0.0, was divided into
three subnets
– 10.1.1
– 10.1.2
– 10.1.3

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 15

 Subnetting (2)
• Key rules
– Devices on the same LAN must use IP addresses in
the same group (IP subnet)
– Devices on different LANs that are separated by at
least one router must use IP addresses in different IP
subnet
– IP addresses must be unique inside the same
internetwork
• Subnet: A group of IP addresses that all have
the same value in the first part of the address
• Subnet number: A dotted-decimal number that
represents a particular IP subnet

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 16

• Three subnets
– IP addresses beginning with 10.1.1
– IP addresses beginning with 10.1.2
– IP addresses beginning with 10.1.3

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 17

 Various Views of Subnetted IP
Addresses
• Fig 9-19

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 18

 Subnet Mask
• To find out the network (and subnet) parts of an IP
address, thus determine whether two hosts are in the
same network
• To determine if the network is subnetted
IP Address Mask Class Network Subnet Host
10.1.2.3 255.0.0.0
172.22.109.4 255.255.0.0
192.168.1.109 255.255.255.0
10.1.2.3 255.255.0.0
172.22.109.4 255.255.224.0
192.168.1.109 255.255.255.224

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 19

 Ensuring Unique IP Addresses
Throughout the Internet
• Unique IP addresses on all computers?
• Unique Network Address for Each
Enterprise Network
• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA), IANA member organizations
• IPv4 Address Depletion
– NAT, Private IP Networks
– IPv6 (128 bits)
CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 20
• Fig 9-20

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 21

NAT and Private IP Networks (1)
• NAT allows a company to use just a few registered IP addresses
instead of an entire registered Class A, B, or C networks
• Fig 9-21

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 22

NAT and Private IP Networks (2)
Class Range of Network Total Number
Numbers of Networks
A 10.0.0.0 1

B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.0.0 16

C 192.168.0.0 – 256
192.168.255.0
CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 23
IPv4 Vs IPv6

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 24

 Assigning and Mapping IP
Addresses
• A planning process
• Two popular methods
– Static IP Address Configuration
– Dynamic configuration using (DHCP)

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 25

 Static IP Address Configuration
• Fixed IP addresses entered by users
• Key Config Options
– IP address, Subnet mask, Default gateway, DNS server
• Fig 9-23

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 26

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 27
Dynamic IP Config Using DHCP
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• DHCP allows a host that does not have a static
IP address configured on an interface to send a
request to a DHCP server
• The server then sends back a DHCP reply (IP
address that can be used, mask, default
gateway, and DNS server, and other control
information)

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 28

• Fig 9-25

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 29

 DHCP Mechanism
• Fig 9-26

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 30

 Advantages of using DHCP
• When companies move employees and their
PCs, the PCs can be installed in the new offices,
send a DHCP request, and be up and running
• Laptop computers can be moved all over a
network (company, home, hotel…)
• DHCP server can keep statistics of the usage of
IP addresses
• DHCP reclaims the IP address once the lease
expires so another host can use the IP
addresses

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 31

 Why use Static IP
• Server IP addresses need to stay the
same
• Routers, switches need to stay at the
same IP addresses
• End-user hosts do not move often
• Network administration

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 32

 Using ARP
• For an IP host to send an IP packet over a
LAN, the sending host must know the
Ethernet MAC address of another device
on the LAN
• By Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 33

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 34
ARP Process

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 35

Using IP ARP in Larger Network

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 36

CIM 2465 IP Addressing Scheme 37