Cell Division

Chapter 5
 Why does a cell divide?

-As a cell absorbs nutrients and gets larger, the

volume of the cell increases faster than the
surface area.

-Therefore, the demands of the cell (the volume)

exceed the ability of the cell to bring in nutrients
and export wastes. Solution?
Divide into two smaller cells
 Cell Increase and Decrease
► Cell division:
 Mitosis (division of nucleus or
karyokinesis)
 Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)
► Apoptosis (cell death) decreases the
number of cells.
► Both cell increase and apoptosis
occur during normal development
and growth.
 Cell Division, Cell Death
► Functions of Cell Division
 Mitosis
Amoeba
► Increasenumber of somatic cells
► Wound healing
► Asexual reproduction

 Meiosis
► Production of gametes (germ cells, sperm and eggs)
 Apoptosis—Programmed cell death
Asexual reproduction 2

Hydra
The cell cycle
 Interphase—3 Stages
► G1 stage –
 cell growth
 cell doubles its organelles
 accumulates materials for DNA synthesis
►S stage –
 DNA synthesis occurs
 DNA replication results in duplicated
chromosomes
► G2 stage –
 cell synthesizes proteins needed for cell
division
 Chromosomes
Chromosome – Condensed chromatin
 Homologous Chromosomes

Same size
Same genes in the
same order

Chromosome pairs, one from mom, one from dad

a. Diploid number (2n) - total number of chromosomes
in a cell (somatic cells)
b. Haploid number (n) - only one homologue of each
chromosome is present (gametes)
The Big Picture
 The Cell Cycle

► Interphase (90% of
cycle) • G1 phase~
growth • S phase~
synthesis of DNA • G2
phase~ preparation for
cell division
► Mitotic phase
• Mitosis~ nuclear
division • Cytokinesis~
cytoplasm division
 The Mitotic Stage

► Following interphase is the M stage,

including mitosis and cytokinesis.
► During mitosis, sister chromatids of each
chromosome separate.
► The cell cycle ends when cytokinesis, the
cleaving of the cytoplasm, is complete.
Figure 5.30 The DNA double helix and its replication
In mitosis
each
chromosome
is replicated
and then
divides
 Duplicated Chromosome
Sister chromatids
attached at
centromere

Sister chromatids
separate during cell
division
 PLOIDY
► Ploidy - number of copies of each
chromosome - also number of genomes
► Haploid (N)= one set of unpaired chromosomes
► Diploid (2N or 2n)= one set of paired
chromosomes
► Triploid = three copies of each chromosome
► Tetraploid = four copies of each chromosome
► Hexaploid = six copies of each chromosome
► Etc, etc, etc
Chloroplasts have their own DNA, separate from
plant nuclear DNA, derived from their cyanobacterial origin
Most eukaryotes also have a mitochondrial genome,
derived from a eubacterial endosymbiont ancestor

Human mtDNA 37 genes, 16 kilobasepairs

 Apoptosis
►Apoptosis - programmed
cell death.
►Function?
 Mitosis Overview
►1 diploid (2N) cell>>>>2 diploid (2N)cells
► Genetically identical daughter cells
► Function---Maintain the somatic cell
chromosome number
Mitosis Overview
Chromosome Distribution
 Spindle and Fibers
► Spindle made of?
 microtubules that
disassemble and assemble.
► Centrosomes (MTOC)—
function?
► Types of Fibers
 Polar Spindle Fibers
 Centomeric (kinetochore)
fibers
 Asters
 Phases of Mitosis
► Prophase
► Metaphase
► Anaphase
► Telophase
► PrettyMen Are Tough
► Overview
As cell enters mitosis
from interphase it has
2 complete sets of
chromosomes because
of replication in the S
phase. Each set must
be re-arranged and
distributed into the 2
new daughter nuclei.
This is mitosis.
Late Interphase
Early Prophase
Late Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
 Telophase

Review
 Results of Mitosis
► Two daughter nuclei

► Eachwith same
chromosome number
as parent cell

► Geneticallyidentical to
each other and the
parent cell
CYTOKINESIS – Cytoplasm splits into
2 cells.

-Animal cells: Cleavage furrow forms from

outside in.

-
Plant cells: Division plate forms from inside
out.
Cytokinesis in Animal Cells
Cytokinesis in plant cells
 REVIEW OF MITOSIS
Parent Cell

Remember: DNA Synthesis (“S” Phase)

Mitosis Is Part
Of The Cell Cycle!!

Mitosis & Cytokinesis

Two daughter cells

Parent cell and daughter cells contain the same complement of chromosomes.
 Cell Division in Prokaryotes
► Binary fission---process of asexual
reproduction in prokaryotes.
► Two daughter cells
► Identical to the original parent cell and
each other
► All contain a single chromosome.
The Big Picture
 Overview of Meiosis

►1 diploid (2N) cell>>>>4 haploid

(1N) cells
►Genetically unique daughter cells
►Function---reduce the chromosome
number by ½
►The main source of genetic diversity in
sexually reproducing organisms
 MEIOSIS
Two Parts:

► Meiosis I:
 Separation of homologous
pairs
 Ploidy Level?
► Meiosis II:
 Separation of sister
chromatids
 Ploidy Level?
COMPARISON-- MITOSIS and MEIOSIS
Mitosis: Meiosis:
 Occurs in somatic (body)  Occurs in germ cells
cells (immature reproductive cells)

 Growth, development,  Production of gametes (sex

replacement & repair cells)

 Produces 2 daughter cells  Produce 4 daughter cells

► Clones of parent and each ► Distinct from parent and each
other other

 Daughter cells are diploid  Daughter cells are haploid

(2N) (1N)
 Genetic Recombination

• Meiosis increases genetic diversity.

Two points of genetic
recombination.
• Crossing-over of nonsister
chromatids—Prophase 1
• Independent assortment of
homologous chromosomes during
Metaphase 1
 Synapsis and crossing-over

Defs
 More Terminology
Crossing Over
►Segments of paternal/maternal chromatids exchange
during Meiosis I
Synapsis
►Process of homologs coming together physically
during Meiosis I
Tetrad
►Consists
of 4 sister chromatids from 2 homologous
chromosomes
Independent assortment
 Meiosis in Detail
► Phases
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 telophase
► Interkinesis.
► Replication of DNA??
Meiosis I in an animal cell
Meiosis II
 Sources of Genetic Variation
► Three sources of genetic
recombination:
1) Independent alignment –
metaphase I
2) Crossing-over---prophase I
3) Fertilization
SUMMARY-- MITOSIS and MEIOSIS
Mitosis:
 Occurs in somatic (body)
cells
 Growth, development,
replacement & repair
 Produces 2 daughter cells
► Clones of parent and each
other
 Daughter cells are diploid
(2N)
comparison
► Meiosis:
 Occurs in germ cells
(immature reproductive cells)
 Production of gametes (sex
cells)
 Produce 4 daughter cells
► Distinct from parent and each
other
 Daughter cells are haploid
(1N)
Meiosis compared to mitosis
Life cycle of humans
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
 FERTILIZATION RESTORES
FULL SET OF CHROMOSOMES
Female gamete Male gamete

fertilization

Diploid zygote contains

homologous pairs of
chromosomes
 Sources of Genetic Variation
► Three sources of genetic
recombination:
1) Independent assortment –
metaphase I
2) Crossing-over---prophase I
3) Fertilization
 MEIOSIS & GENETIC VARIATION
Independent
Assortment

► Diploid organisms can

produce 2n diff.
gametes

► Ea. homologous pair can

Each homologous pair can
orient in either of two ways
orient in two different
ways
► Humans: 223 = 8,388,608
(est. 8.4 million)
 HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLE OF
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
Eye color

Hair color
Gene Gene
for for
brown blue
eyes eyes
r
Gene
for Gene
black for red
hair hair
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
During meiosis I, tetrads can line up 2n different ways.

OR

Meiosis I & II

Brown eyes Blue eyes Brown eyes Blue eyes

Black hair Red hair Red hair Black hair
 MEIOSIS & GENETIC VARIATION
Crossing Over:
► Physical exchange of sections of
chromosomes
► Results in shuffling of genome
► New combo of genes on chromosomes
(recombination)
A single crossover in each homologous
pair = 5.0 x 10 27 different zygotes
possible
(4951,760,200,000,000,000,000,000,
000)!
MEIOSIS & GENETIC VARIATION
Random Fertilization:
► Each human can produce an
nearly 8.4 million different
kinds of gametes
► Crossingover not taken into
account!!!

► Sex yields:
► 8.4
mill x 8.4 mill = 70.6 x 10 12
genetically distinct offspring can be
produced
SUMMARY-- MITOSIS and MEIOSIS
Mitosis:
 Occurs in somatic (body)
cells
 Growth, development,
replacement & repair
 Produces 2 daughter cells
► Clones of parent and each
other
 Daughter cells are diploid
(2N)
comparison
► Meiosis:
 Occurs in germ cells
(immature reproductive cells)
 Production of gametes (sex
cells)
 Produce 4 daughter cells
► Distinct from parent and each
other
 Daughter cells are haploid
(1N)