Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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Drug Development
• The average time it takes to bring a drug to market is ~15 yrs
6 years : Drug Discovery & Pre-clinical phase
6-7 years: Clinical Trials
2 years : Approval phase
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Drug Development Phases
• Discovery of NCE (New Chemical Entity)
• Preclinical Development
• Investigational New Drug Application (IND)
• Phase I clinical trials
• Phase II clinical trials
• Phase III clinical trials
• New Drug Application (NDA)
• Phase IV clinical trials
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DRUG DISCOVERY
Natural products
Analog Design
Peptidomimetics
Targeted discovery
Random Screening
Serendipity
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Target Identification
The key to rational ‘mechanism-based’ drug
discovery is identifying a good target for drug
development
A target may be already known from the mechanism
of action of existing drugs or natural ligands
A target may be identified from an understanding of
basic cellular and physiological processes and/or the
disease mechanism
A target may be identified from mutations or
alterations in specific disease-related genes
A target may be identified by sequence or structural
homology to known targets
A target may be identified serendipitously
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Lead Identification
After an appropriate molecular target is
identified,the next major task in the drug
discovery process is generation and
optimization of lead compounds
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Protein-Ligand Docking
GAPDH
D- Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
dehydrogenase Active site
Procedure :
• using the structure of the enzyme
• docking molecules from chemical
library
• retrieving the “best 100 ligands“
• vizualizing the 100 complexes
• eliminating duplicates
• propose 25 inhibitor structures
• biological testing
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Pre-Clinical Development
Objectives:
Pharmacological profile
Toxicity profile
•Acute toxicity (LD50)
•Subacute toxicity(<3 months)
•Chronic toxicity (6-18 months)
•Teratogenicity,Mutagenicity,carcinogenicity
Pharmacokinetic profile i.e.ADME studies
Chemical & Pharmaceutical development
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SPONSOR/FDA Meetings (Pre-IND)
Open discussion
Testing phases
Data requirements
Any scientific issues that may
need to be resolved
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Submission of IND application
IND application contents:
Descriptive name of the drug,including the chemical name &
structure of NCE
Complete list of components of the drug
Quantitative composition of the drug
Name & address of supplier of any new drug substance and a
description of synthesis of any new drug substance
Statement of the methods,facilities & controls used for the
manufacture,processing & packaging of the new drug
Statement covering all information from preclinical
investigations and any clinical studies &experience with the
drug
Copies of labels for the drugs
A description of scientific training & experience considered
appropriate by the sponsor to qualify an investigator as a
suitable expert to investigate the drug
Names and curriculum vitae of all investigators
An outline of planned methodology to be adopted in clinical
trials
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Clinical Trials
PHASE I
Objective: Safety, pk/pd in
“normals”
study size: 20-80
time: 2-3 years
open study
80% proceed to Phase 2
5→4
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Phase I Failures
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Phase II Clinical Studies
objectives: to assess therapeutic efficacy &
safety and to find appropriate dosage
schedule of drug in patients
types of studies: small controlled trials in
patients
limited centres
study size: 100-300
time: months - 2 years
survival: 2 go on to Phase 3
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SPONSOR/FDA Meetings
(End of Phase II)
Plan protocols for phase III
Discuss & identify any additional informatio
that may be required to support the
submission of NDA
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Phase III Clinical Studies
objectives:
Long term toxicity data
Benefit-risk relationship
Dose-response relationships
Assessment of adverse drug reactions
targeted patients
multi-centered
placebo-controlled
double blinded
cross over design
size: 100’s - 1000’s
time: 1-4 years
survival: 1
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Phase II & III Failures
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SPONSOR/FDA Meetings(Pre-NDA)
Discussion of presentation of data
(both paper & electronic) in support of
the application
•Uncover any major unresolved problems or
issues
•Identify studies the sponsor is relying on as
adequate in establishing the effectiveness of the
drug
•Help reviewers to become acquainted with
general information to be submitted
•Discuss presentation of data in NDA to facilitate
its review
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Submission of NDA
NDA application contents:
Detailed reports of preclinical studies
Detailed reports of clinical studies
Information on composition & manufacture of drug
and on controls & facilities used in manufacture
Samples of drug and its labelling
Full case reports of each person who received drug –
needed only in limited circumstances
Patent information
Material previously submitted to FDA in the IND or
in periodic reports must be included by reference in
the NDA
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Responses of FDA
1. Not approvable letter
2. Approvable letter
3. Approval letter
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Phase IV Clinical Trials
(Post Marketing Surveillance)
Drug marketed in limited
centres,closely monitored for
unexpected effects which were never
foreseen
If significant toxic effect-withdrawn
from market
If safe-marketed overall
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Primary Causes of Failure in 348 Terminated NCEs
13%
21%
Safety
Efficacy
Economics
Others
31%
35%
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Drugs in Developmental phases &
Expected Approval Dates
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
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