6 Lighting

LIGHTING
5.0
5.0 LIGHTING
6.1 General 3. High-Intensity Discharge
Lamps
are members of the electric
6.1 General 6.1.1 Types of Lamps
discharge family of light sources (as
6.2 Incandescent Lamps are fluorescent lamps). Light is
1. Filament Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps produced when a high-pressure
electric arc is passed through a gas
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps a) Incandescent Lamps
vapor, rather than by a low-pressure
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
b) R and PAR
arc as in fluorescent lamps.
c) Tungsten - Halogen
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
a) Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 2. Gaseous Discharge Lamps
b) Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium c) High Pressure Sodium Lamps
Lamps a) Fluorescent Lamps
b) Energy Savings Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
c) Neon Vapor Lamps
6.10 Luminaires d) PL lamps
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will

Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
6.1.2 Units of Light
6.1 General
= 1. Unit of Light or Luminous Flux
Lumens
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps 2. Unit of Density of Light

6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps a) Footcandle
is the amount of lumens falling on
an area one square foot one foot
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps away
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
b) Lux
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium = is the amount of lumens falling on
Lamps
an area one square meter one
6.9 Ballasts meter away. One (1) footcandle is
6.10 Luminaires equivalent to 10.76 lux.
Luminaires 3. Unit of Light Intensity
candlepower (cp)
6.13 Lighting Methods 4. Unit of Brightness

=
footlambert (FL)
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
6.2 Incandescent
Lamps
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps composed basically of a sealed

glass containing a filament
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
connected at its ends to the contact
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps area in the base thereby completing
an electric circuit.
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps The glass envelope comes in a

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps variety of shapes and sizes; bulb
designations consist of a letter to
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps indicate its shape, and a number to
indicate the diameter in eights of an
6.9 Ballasts
inch.
6.10 Luminaires
Luminaires

Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
The various shapes are:
6.1 General
• Standard - A
• Globular - G
6.2 Incandescent Lamps • Straight - S
6.3 R and PAR Lamps • Tubular - T
• Pear-shape - PS
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
• Flame - F
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps • PAR - Parabolic
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps Aluminized
Reflector
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium A PS 30 Lamp therefore is a pear-

Lamps
shaped bulb 30/8 or 3-3/4” in
6.9 Ballasts diameter
6.10 Luminaires
Luminaires

Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen
Lamps
6.1 General Are complete optical systems in a
6.2 Incandescent Lamps single bulb. The bulb contains a The tungsten-halogen (also called
filament, reflector and lens. quartz or quartz-iodine) lamps use a
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
halogen gas cycle to prevent rapid
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps depreciation of the lamp filament
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps and darkening of the transparent
envelop.

Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
Luminaires

Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps For the operation of some
fluorescent tubes, an automatic
6.1 General comprises a cylindrical glass tube, switch known as a starter is
sealed at both ends and containing required, in addition to the normal
6.2 Incandescent Lamps wall switch. The starter is self
an inert gas usually argon and
6.3 R and PAR Lamps mercury vapors. Built into each end contained in a small tubular jacket
is a cathode which supplies the which is inserted in the fixture body
electrons to start an maintain the and is a replaceable part.
mercury arc or gaseous discharge.
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps This light is absorbed by the
phosphors in which the inside of the
tube is coated and is re-radiated in
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium the visible light range.
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts All fluorescent light sources, require

6.10 Luminaires a control device or an auxiliary,
called a ballast, located in the metal
Luminaires base.
The ballast serves the following
6.13 Lighting Methods functions:
• Supplying the high voltage necessary
Achieve Desirable Seeing to start the arc;
Conditions • Limiting the current in the arc after it
6.15 Lighting Terms
is formed.
5.0 LIGHTING
Fluorescent lamps are classified as: using a device called a “trigger-start
ballast”. This ballast provides both a
1. According to shape current-limiting function and an
6.1 General appropriate automatic starting system.
6.2 Incandescent Lamps • Standard • Instant Start
6.3 R and PAR Lamps • Slim-line When the lamp is first switched on, a
does not require a starter, have single-pin sufficient voltage is applied between the
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps bases, come in diameters 3/4”, 1”, and 1- electrodes to strike the arc without
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 1/2” ; and come in lengths from 42” (4 ft) preheating them. Instant-start lamps start
to 96” (8 ft). as soon as current is turned on and
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps • Circline eliminates the need for external starters.
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps They have single-pin bases which are
called “slim-line” lamps.
Lamps 2. According to method of tube
operation • Rapid Start
6.9 Ballasts are the most recent developments and
the one that is most widely used. Rapid-
6.10 Luminaires • Pre-heat start lamps use low-resistance electrodes
requires a starter which preheats the
6.11 Classification of which can be heated continuously with
Luminaires cathodes so that less voltage is required
low current loses. These are the only
to strike an arc. There is a 2-5 seconds
fluorescent lamps that can be electrically
delay in the start of lamp after switch is
dimmed or flashed. They start as quickly
on. This class is also called a ”switch-
as the instant-start lamps; require no
start” or “starter-start” lamp. In certain
external starters; and the ballasts are
6.14 Factors which will cases, the starter can be eliminated by
smaller and more efficient.
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
6.1 General
6.3 R and PAR Lamps

Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
Luminaires

Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
6.6 Mercury Vapor 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
Lamps
6.1 General a modification of the mercury vapor
6.2 Incandescent Lamps contains mercury vapor in a clear with an arc of improved color. In
quartz arc tube, which when addition to mercury, the arc tube
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
electrically excited, produces visible contains metallic vapors such as
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps light of characteristically blue-green indium iodide, thallium iodide, or
color. It is suitable only for limited sodium iodide. It possesses
industrial areas, general outdoor therefore increased light output,
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps applications and street lighting. improved color rendition without the
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps use of phosphors, and small source
size.
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
Luminaires

Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
6.8 High-Pressure 6.9 Ballasts
Sodium Lamps
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps are the newest addition to the HID

6.3 R and PAR Lamps
field. Its arc tube is made of high-
density polycrystalline alumina an
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps contains a mixture of primarily
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps sodium.
are auxiliary equipment for
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps fluorescent and HID lamps which
limits the amount of current in the
lamp and provides the proper
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium starting voltages. A power factor is
Lamps
frequently listed with each ballast
6.9 Ballasts description. The low power factor
6.10 Luminaires ballast is cheap and inefficient; while
the high power factor ballast has a
Luminaires capacitor* which improves its
efficiency.
*CAPACITOR – An electric component which
consists of conducting plates insulated from
6.14 Factors which will each other by a layer of dielectric material;
Achieve Desirable Seeing introduces capacitance into a circuit.
Conditions Capacitance is the quantitative measure of the
electric-energy storage capability of a capacitor;
6.15 Lighting Terms usually measured in farads or microfarads.
5.0 LIGHTING
6.1 General
6.3 R and PAR Lamps

Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
Luminaires

Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
6.10 Luminaires Ceiling-Mounted Downlights
(Or Lighting Fixtures)
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps is the device which supports the

source or sources of electric light
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
and redirects or helps to control the
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps light rays from the source. Control of
the rays is necessary to secure even
distribution, to avoid glare, to cut-off
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps direct rays to the eyes, and
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps eliminates disturbing reflection of the
rays from polished surfaces.
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
Luminaires

Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
Spotlights Pendants
6.1 General
6.3 R and PAR Lamps

Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
Luminaires

Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
Wall Lights Task and Table Lights
6.1 General
6.3 R and PAR Lamps

Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
Luminaires

Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
Floor Lights Fluorescent Fittings
6.1 General
6.3 R and PAR Lamps

Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
Luminaires

Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
Oddities Exterior Lights
6.1 General
6.3 R and PAR Lamps

Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
Luminaires

Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
6.11 Classifications of
Luminaires
6.1 General
1. Indirect
6.2 Incandescent Lamps 90% to 100% of the light
output is directed towards
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
the ceiling and upper
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps walls of the room.
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 2. Semi-indirect

60% to 90% of the light is
directed upwards; 40% to
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 10% downwards.
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium 3. General diffuse or

Lamps direct-indirect
provides approximately
6.9 Ballasts
equal distribution of light
6.10 Luminaires upwards and downwards.
6.11 Classification of 4. Semi-direct

Luminaires 60% to 90% of light is
directed downwards;
while 40% to 10% is
6.13 Lighting Methods directed upwards.
6.14 Factors which will 5. Direct

Achieve Desirable Seeing 90% - 100% of the light
Conditions
output is directed
6.15 Lighting Terms downwards
5.0 LIGHTING
6.1 General 1. Cornice Lighting

a system where light sources are
shielded by a panel parallel to the
6.3 R and PAR Lamps wall and attached to the ceiling to
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps distribute light downwards over the
wall. This is considered as direct
lighting.

2. Cove Lighting
a system where light sources are
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium shielded by a ledge to distribute light
Lamps
upwards over the ceiling and upper
6.9 Ballasts wall. It is a form of indirect lighting.
6.10 Luminaires
3. Valance Lighting
Luminaires a system where light sources are
shielded by a panel parallel to the
wall usually across the top of a
6.13 Lighting Methods window. This provides light both
upwards and downwards over the
Achieve Desirable Seeing wall.
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
6.13 Lighting Methods 3. Combined Local and General
Lighting (sometimes called
6.1 General 1. Local Lighting Localized Lighting)
method which employs lamps at provides sufficient general lighting to
6.2 Incandescent Lamps illuminate various objects in the
definite points where light is
6.3 R and PAR Lamps specially needed producing pools of room and at the same time furnishes
light mingled with areas of shadows. additional local lamps at desks,
It is the very opposite of uniform reading tables, showcases and other
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps equipment needing additional
illumination. The location of lamps in
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps this method usually depends upon illumination
the position of furniture or the
position of activity areas.
Lamps
2. General Lighting
6.9 Ballasts this method strives for diffused light
6.10 Luminaires and uniform intensity over an entire
area. The lamps are evenly spaced
Luminaires without regard to furniture location
and are provided with reflectors,
baffles or diffusing prisms to prevent
6.13 Lighting Methods glare, harsh shadows and uneven
illumination.
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
6.14 Factors which will 2. Quality of Light
Achieve Desirable
Light Distribution depends upon:
6.1 General
Seeing Conditions
6.2 Incandescent Lamps Uniformity
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
1. Intensity of Illumination freedom from variations of illumination in a
intensity of light required will depend room or space. Absolute uniformity signifies
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps same intensity throughout and it is not
upon the tasks involved as follows always practicable to attain. A deviation of
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 25% from the average intensity cannot be
a) for casual work, as in conferencing, detected by the eye, and is considered an
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps interviewing and inactive filing – 10 to 30 fc acceptable maximum.
b) for moderate work, as in intermittent filing Diffusion
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium and general clerical work – 30 to 50 fc refers to the number of directions and angles
Lamps from which illuminating rays proceed. Good
c) for prolonged work, as in active filing, diffusion is obtained when light falls upon a
6.9 Ballasts index referencing and mail sorting – 50 to matte or satin surface from a variety of
100 fc directions thus eliminating shadows and
6.10 Luminaires
streaks of brilliancy. Poor diffusion results
6.11 Classification of d) for precision work, as in accounting, from illumination from one direction only thus
Luminaires auditing, tabulating, bookkeeping, business causing visual confusion because of
machine operation, reading poor distorted highlights and shadows
6.12 Lighting Systems reproductions and rough layout drafting –
6.13 Lighting Methods 100 to 150 fc
6.14 Factors which will e) for fine precision work, as in cartography,

Achieve Desirable Seeing designing and detail drafting – 150 to 200 fc
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
Absence of Glare
Glare is defined as the effect of brightness in
the field of vision which causes annoyance
6.1 General or discomfort, or in worse cases, interferes
with seeing. When the glare is caused by
6.2 Incandescent Lamps light sources in the field of vision, it is known
as “direct glare” or “disability glare”. When
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
glare is caused by the reflection of a light
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps source in a viewed surface, it is known as
“reflected glare” or “discomfort glare”.
Bare lamps or brilliant fixture globes should
never be in the line of sight from any point in
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps the room. An angle of 45 deg. between the
horizontal and the line of sight (line from the
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium lamp to the eye) is generally accepted as the
Lamps greatest permissible angle.
6.9 Ballasts
Color of Light
6.10 Luminaires depends upon the type of lamp chosen.
Incandescent lamps provide yellow light;
6.11 Classification of although there are many other colors
Luminaires depending upon the color of their glass
bulbs. Fluorescent lamps have the greatest
variety of colors ranging from daylight to
6.13 Lighting Methods bluish white and even pinkish white. Color is
also used to enhance certain qualities. For
6.14 Factors which will example, de luxe FL lamps are used to
Achieve Desirable Seeing enhance food in restaurants.
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
6.15 Lighting Terms 4. Reflectance
also called “reflection factor”; it is the
6.1 General 1. Absorption ratio of light reflected by a surface to
Loss of light when light rays strikes the light falling upon it.
or traverses any medium. The ratio
6.3 R and PAR Lamps of light absorbed by a material to the 5. Transmission
light falling upon it is called the is the passage of light through a
“absorption factor” or “absorptance”. medium when light falls upon a
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps transparent material. It is “refracted”
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 2. Diffuse Reflection (bent) as it passes through the
a beam of light is reflected diffusely, material but emerges at the same
that is, its ray is scattered in all angle that it entered. When passing
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium directions, if it strikes a rough or through a translucent material, such
Lamps
matte surface. as plastic, and the emerging rays
6.9 Ballasts are spread in all directions, it is
3. Specular Reflection called “diffused transmission”.
6.10 Luminaires
a beam of light is specularly
6.11 Classification of 6. Transmittance
Luminaires reflected when a light ray striking a
shiny or glossy surface at an angle also called “transmission factor”; it is
6.12 Lighting Systems the ratio of light transmitted to light
of incidence is reflected as the same
6.13 Lighting Methods beam with equal angle of reflection. striking the surface.
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

5.0 LIGHTING
7. Accent Lighting 12. Luminance Ceiling
directional lighting to emphasize a a false ceiling of diffusing material
6.1 General
space or an object. with light sources mounted above
6.2 Incandescent Lamps 8. Down Light 13. Filter

6.3 R and PAR Lamps a fixture producing concentrated device which changes either amount
direct lighting from a single bulb. It or color, or both. of light passing
may be recessed in or mounted on through it.
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps the ceiling
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 14. Dimmer
9. High Hat a device to control the amount of
a term often applied to a can-type of light by reducing the voltage or the
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium recessed incandescent downlight. current; also called a “rayostat”.
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts 10. Eye Ball 15. Capacitor

recessed or semi-recessed lighting An electric component which
6.10 Luminaires
unit with a rotating spherical element consists of conducting plates
6.11 Classification of that may be turned to project light in insulated from each other by a layer
Luminaires
any direction. of dielectric material; introduces
6.12 Lighting Systems capacitance into a circuit.
6.13 Lighting Methods 11. Lumiline Capacitance is the quantitative
a tubular fluorescent lamp with a measure of the electric-energy
disc base at each end. storage capability of a capacitor;
Conditions usually measured in farads or
6.15 Lighting Terms
microfarads.
5.0 LIGHTING
Lighting Symbols
6.1 General
6.3 R and PAR Lamps

Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
Luminaires

Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

LIGHTING
END

6 Lighting

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6 Lighting

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LIGHTING

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

6.15 Lighting Terms

6.3 R and PAR Lamps 2. Unit of Density of Light

6.13 Lighting Methods 4. Unit of Brightness

6.15 Lighting Terms

6.2 Incandescent Lamps composed basically of a sealed

6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps The glass envelope comes in a

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

6.15 Lighting Terms

6.8 High-Pressure Sodium A PS 30 Lamp therefore is a pear-

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

6.15 Lighting Terms

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps

6.8 High-Pressure Sodium

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

6.15 Lighting Terms

6.9 Ballasts All fluorescent light sources, require

6.15 Lighting Terms

6.2 Incandescent Lamps

6.3 R and PAR Lamps

6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps

6.5 Fluorescent Lamps

6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps

6.8 High-Pressure Sodium

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

6.15 Lighting Terms

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

6.15 Lighting Terms

6.2 Incandescent Lamps are the newest addition to the HID

6.2 Incandescent Lamps

6.3 R and PAR Lamps

6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps

6.5 Fluorescent Lamps

6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps

6.8 High-Pressure Sodium

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

6.15 Lighting Terms

6.2 Incandescent Lamps is the device which supports the

6.12 Lighting Systems

6.13 Lighting Methods

6.14 Factors which will

6.15 Lighting Terms

6.2 Incandescent Lamps

6.3 R and PAR Lamps

6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps

6.5 Fluorescent Lamps

6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps