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Physical Exam
Decreased breath sounds
Dullness to percussion
Decreased tactile fremitus
Egophony (EA)
May find rales or pleuritic
friction rub
>50-75 mL of fluid on lateral
radiograph to blunt
costophrenic angle
>175-200 mL of fluid on P/A
view to blunt lateral
costophrenic angle
Clinically significant pleural
effusion: >10mm fluid
present on lateral decubitus
radiograph (or U/S)
Delayed thoracentesis in
parapneumonic effusion
associated with:
◦ Longer hospital stay
◦ Greater healthcare cost
Initial pleural fluid analysis:
◦ Protein
◦ LDH
◦ Cell count with differential
◦ Gram stain/culture
◦ Glucose
◦ Cytology
◦ pH