FOUNDATION DESIGN

Introduction
 The primary function of all structural elements is to
transfer the applied dead and imposed loading, from
whichever source, to the foundations and
subsequently to the ground.
 The type of foundation required in any particular
circumstance is dependent on a number of factors
such as:
♦ the magnitude and type of applied loading,
♦ the pressure which the ground can safely support,
♦ the acceptable levels of settlement,
♦ the location and proximity of adjacent structures.
Types of foundation
1. Pad foundation
2. Combined foundation
3. Strip footing
4. Raft Foundation
5. Piled Foundation
Pad foundation
Combined foundation
Strip footing
Raft Foundation
Piled Foundation
 Loading
 The loading effects which occur in foundations, are
generally one or more of the following three types:
 horizontal forces due to lateral loading such as wind
on the supported structure or friction between the
underside of the base and the ground − horizontal
forces are not usually of sufficient magnitude to affect
the size of foundations,
 vertical forces due to columns and/or walls and the
bearing pressure from the ground underneath the base,
 moments due to loading from columns and/or walls
etc. which are eccentric to the centroid of the base.
Base Pressures
 The magnitude of the pressure in each
case is determined using elastic
analysis.
 Case 1: Uniform Pressure (compression
throughout)
Base Pressures
 Case 2: Varying Pressure (compression
throughout)
Base Pressures
 Case 3:Varying Pressure
(compression over part of the base)
 Pad Foundation Design
1. Calculate the plan size of the foundation using
the permissible bearing pressure and the critical
loading arrangement for the serviceability limit
state.
2. Calculate the bearing pressure associated with
the critical loading arrangement at the ultimate
limit state.
3. Assume a suitable value of thickness (h) and
determine the effective depth (d).
 Pad Foundation Design
4. Determine the reinforcement required to resist
bending.
5. Check that the shear stress at the column face is
less than 5 N/mm2 or 0.8 cu f ,whichever is the
smaller.
6. Check that the direct shear stress at a section
1.0d from the column face is less than vc from
Table 3.8.
7. Check that the punching shear stress on a
perimeter 1.5d from the column face is less than
vc from Table 3.8.
Example 5.31:
Axially Loaded Pad Foundation
 A pad foundation is required to support a
single square column transferring an axial
load only. Using the data provided:
 determine a suitable base size,
 check the base with respect to:
 bending,
 direct shear, and
 punching shear,
 designing suitable reinforcement where
necessary.
Design Data:
 Characteristic dead load on column 800 kN
 Characteristic imposed load on column 300 kN
 Characteristic concrete strength fcu = 40 N/mm2
 Characteristic of reinforcement fy = 460 N/mm2
 Net permissible ground bearing pressure pg = 200
kN/m2
 Column dimensions 375 mm × 375 mm
 Exposure condition severe
Solution
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Combined Foundation
 Designed when there are 2 column
either when they are relatively close
together or when one of the columns is
adjacent to an existing structure.
 The shape can be rectangular,
trapezoidal or T-shape.
Example 5.33:
Combined Foundation
 An inverted T-beam combined foundation is required
to support two square columns transferring axial
loads as shown in Figure 5.125. Using the data
provided, design suitable reinforcement for the base.

Design Data:
 Characteristic dead load on column A 450 kN
 Characteristic imposed load on column A 450 kN
 Characteristic dead load on column B 750 kN
 Characteristic imposed load on column B 750 kN
Characteristic concrete strength fcu = 40 N/mm2
Characteristic of reinforcement fy = 460 N/mm2
Net permissible ground bearing pressure pg = 175 kN/m2
Nominal cover to centre of main reinforcement 40 mm
Column A dimensions 350 mm × 350 mm
Column B dimensions 350 mm × 350 mm