Diodes and Applications - Ans

Diodes
and
Applications
I. Diodes
1. Vacuum Tube Diode
Also known as Fleming Valve
Components that conduct current in

one direction only
Developed by John Ambrose

Fleming
2. Semiconductor Diode
An electronic device that results from the
fusion of P-type material and an N-type
material
A K
Formation of the Depletion Region
a. Diffusion
 movement of electrons from a region of high
concentration to lower concentration
b. At the junction, the electrons from the

n-type and holes from the p-type attract each
other, combine and cancel their net charges
C A
Junction
c. Due to the cancellation of electrons and
holes at the junction, the junction will have no
more carriers so it is called a depleted region
or depletion region.
Depletion region
C A
Ideal diode is a nonlinear device with a
current versus voltage
Barrier potential (0.7 for Si and 0.3 for Ge )

Biasing the PN Junction
a. Forward Biased
 P-type is more positive than the N-type
 A condition that allows current to flow
through the pn junction
 The pn junction narrows
cathode anode
current
b. Reverse Biased
 P-type is more negative than the N-type
 A condition that prevents current to flow
through the pn junction
 The pn junction widens
cathode anode
Diode Parameters
a. Bulk Resistance (Rb)
Rp Rn
where
Vf = forward voltage drop
Vb = barrier potential
b. Junction Resistance (Rj)
Rp Rn
Rj
where
Id = forward dc current
c. Dynamic or AC Resistance (Rac)
d. Forward Voltage Drop

e. Forward Current
 The magnitude of the current that the diode
can handle without being destroyed under
forward biased condition
f. Reverse Saturation Current

 It is the magnitude of the current that will
leak when the diode is reverse biased
 Leakage current
g. Reverse Breakdown Voltage
 Peak – inverse voltage (PIV)
 Maximum reverse voltage that can be

applied before current surges
 Voltage across the inductor when the diode

is open
h. Reverse DC Resistance (Rr)

i. Linear Power Derating Factor
 The reduction of power handling capability
of diode due to the increase in ambient
temperature from the room temperature
Review Question
A silicon diode has a forward voltage drop of
1.2V for a forward DC current of 100mA. It has a
reverse current of 1μA for a reverse voltage of
10V. Calculate the:
a. bulk resistance
b. reverse resistance
c. AC resistance at forward DC
current of 2.5mA
II. Special Purpose Diodes
1. Zener Diode
Symbol
2. Zener Diode
 Diode designed to operate in the reverse
breakdown region
a. Zener breakdown
 When the breakdown voltage is
below 5V
b. Avalanche breakdown
 When the breakdown voltage is

above 5V
 Typical breakdown voltages of 1.8V to
200V with specified tolerances from 1% to
20%
 With very stable voltage drop
 Useful as voltage regulator

2. Point Contact Diode
2. Point Contact Diode
 Semiconductor diode having fine wire
whose point is permanent contact with the
surface of a wafer of a semiconductor
material such as silicon, germanium or
gallium arsenide
 The fine wire is called cat - whisker
 For signal mixing and detection

3. Schottky Diode
Symbol
3. Schottky Diode
 Also known as Surface Barrier Diode
 Also known as Hot - Carrier Diode
 This type of diode has no depletion layer

which eliminates the stored charges in the
junction
 A rectifying metal semiconductor junction

such as gold, silver and platinum
 Typical forward voltage drop is typically
around 0.25V to 0.3V
 Can rectify frequencies up to 300 MHz
 ESBAR (Epitaxial Schottky Barrier)
Construction of Schottky Diode
cathode anode
Metal Silicon Junction

4. Varactor (varicap)
 Voltage-variable capacitor
 When this diode is reverse bias, the width

of the depletion layer increases with the
reverse voltage
 Used for electronic tuning, harmonic

generator and parametric amplifier
Symbol
where
f = frequency
Rs = series resistance
Ct = total diode
capacitance
5. Tunnel Diode
Symbol
5. Tunnel Diode
 Also known as Esaki diode
 Type of diode that exhibits the

phenomenon known as negative
resistance
 Negative resistance implies that an
increase in forward voltage produces a
decrease in forward current for a certain
part
 Utilizes a heavily doped material and

therefore have so many electrons
 Has a very thin depletion layer
 The extremely narrow depletion region

emits electrons to “tunnel” through the pn
junction at very low forward bias voltage
 Used for oscillators and amplifiers

6. Back Diode
Symbol
6. Back Diode
 Conducts better in the reverse (-0.1V) than

in the forward (+0.7V) direction
 Designed such that its high current flow

takes place when the junction is reverse
bias
7. PIN Diode
 Positive – intrinsic Negative Diode
 The intrinsic material between the P and N

layer offers impedance at microwave
frequencies being controlled by low
frequency signals
 Used in microwave switches

8. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Symbol
8. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
 In a forward biased LED, free electrons
cross the junction and fall into holes. As
these electrons fall from higher to a lower
energy level, they radiate energy which
goes off in the form of heat. But in an LED,
the energy is being radiated as light.
 Commonly used Gallium Arsenide,
Gallium Arsenide Phosphide, and Gallium
Phosphide
 GaAs LEDs emit infrared (IR) radiation

which is non visible, GaAsP produces
either red or yellow visible light and GaP
emits red or green visible light
 Red is the most common color of LEDs

 Electroluminescence is the process
involved when large surface area on one
layer of one semiconductive material
permits the photons to be emitted as
visible light
Emitted Visible Light
P N
(–)
(+)
Metal contact Metal contact
 Irradiance is the power per unit area at a
given distance from an LED source
expressed in mW/cm2.
 Typical voltage drop: 1.5V to 2.5V for

currents between 10mA and 50mA
 Nominal Voltage drop: 2V
 Reverse Breakdown: 3V – 10V

9. LASER Diode
9. LASER Diode
 The term LASER stands for Light
Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation
 LASER light is monochromatic meaning it

consists of a single color and not a mixture
of colors
 LASER light is also a coherent light

meaning a single wavelength
LASER Light (coherent and monochromatic)
 LASER diode pn junction is formed by two
layers of doped gallium arsenide
 It is forward biased
 LASER diodes and photodiodes are used in

the pick – up system of compact disk (CD)
layers. Audio information is digitally
recorded in stereo on the surface of a
compact disk in the microscopic “pits and
flats”
10. Photodiode
Symbol
10. Photodiode
 Operated in reverse bias condition
 Is one that is optimized for its sensitivity to

light
 A window let light to pass through the

package of the junction. The incoming light
produces free electrons and holes
producing larger reverse current.
 Dark current is the reverse current flowing

through the photodiode when there is no
incident light.
III. Applications
1. Diode Rectifier
 Type of diode that converts alternating
current into unidirectional current (DC)
 Typically seen in power supplies
AC
Regulator
Rectifier Filter
Power Supply
Half – Wave Rectifier
 A rectifier circuit with a single diode that
conducts current during positive or
negative half cycles of input AC signal at a
rate determined by the input frequency.
Input
Output
Conversion factor = 40.6%

Freqoutput = Freqinput
Full – Wave Rectifier
 A rectifier circuit that conducts current
during positive and negative half cycles of
input AC signal.
Center – Tapped
Input
Output
Bridge Type Input
Output
Conversion factor = 81.2%

Freqoutput = 2 x Freqinput
Comparison of Rectifiers
Half – Wave Center –tapped Bridge Type
Vrms Vpk / 2 Vpk / √2 Vpk / √2
Vave Vpk / ∏ 2Vpk / ∏ 2Vpk / ∏
Irms Ipk / 2 Ipk / √2 Ipk / √2
Iave Ipk / ∏ 2Ipk / ∏ 2Ipk / ∏
PIV Vpk 2Vpk Vpk

2. Clippers
 Electronic circuits that have the ability to
clip – off a portion of the input signal
without distorting the remaining part of
the alternating waveform
 Other names are limiters, amplitude

selectors and slicers
Example of Clipper Circuit
Input
Output
Example of Clipper Circuit
Input
DC signal
Output
3. Clampers
 Circuits that shift the waveform of the
input signal either all above or below the
reference voltage
 Add or restore a DC level to an electrical

signal
 Also known as DC restorer

 Clamping circuit is often used in television
receivers as dc restorer. Incoming
composite video signal is normally
processed through capacitively coupled
amplifiers that eliminate the dc
component losing the reference levels
which must be restored using clamping
circuits before applying to the picture tube.
Example of Clamper Circuit
Input
Vpk
2Vpk
Output
Positive Clamper
4. Voltage Multiplier
 Circuit which produces a greater DC output
voltage than AC input voltage to the
rectifiers
 Uses clamping action to increase peak

rectified voltages without the necessity of
increasing the input’s transformers voltage
rating
 Used in high – voltage, low current

applications such as TV receivers
Voltage Doubler
 A voltage multiplier with a multiplication
factor of 2
C1 D2
Vp D1 C2 Vo
At the first negative half cylcle At the first positivehalf cylcle

D1 = forward bias D1 = reverse bias
D2 = reverse bias D2 = forward bias
VC1 = Vp VC1 = Vp
VC2 = 2Vp Vo = VC2 = 2Vp
Voltage Tripler
 Addition of another diode – capacitor
section to the half wave voltage doubler
creates voltage tripler
 The PIV of each diode is 2Vp
+ 3Vp -
C1 C3
Vp D2 D2 D3
C2
Voltage Quadrupler
 The addition of still another diode –
capacitor section in a voltage tripler circuit
 The PIV of each diode is 2Vp
C1 C3
Vp D1 D2 D3 D4
C2 C4
4Vp
+ -
4. Voltage Regulation
 Means maintaining the output voltage at
any load
 The type of diode used for regulation is

Zener diode
ID
Zener
Regulation
Iz min
Avalanche Iz max
region
Rs
Is
Vs Vz RL
Iz IL
Power Rating (Pz) = Vz Iz max
Take note: as a rule of thumb,
Iz min = 0.1 Iz max
Review Questions
Diodes and Applications
1. The vacuum tube diode was developed by J.

Fleming and is also known as __________.
a. Fleming diode
b.Fleming
b. Flemingvalvevalve
c. audion
d. dione
Review Questions
2. In case a PN junction is forward biased

a. Holes and electrons seized to move
d. depletion
b. Electrons region
and holes move decreases
away from the junction
c. Electrons and holes move toward the junction
d. Depletion region decreases
Review Questions
3. The bulk resistance of a diode is __________.

a. the resistance of N-material only
d. the
b. the resistance
resistance of the
of P-material onlyP and N material
c. the resistance of the junction only
d. the resistance of the P and N material
Review Questions
4. The depletion layer of the PN junction diode

has
a. only free mobile electrons
d. neither
b. only freeholes
free mobile mobile electrons nor holes
c. both free mobile holes and mobile electrons
d. neither free mobile electrons nor holes
Review Questions
5. A zener diode is invariably used with

a. forward biased
b.reverse
b. reverse biased
biased
c. zero bias
d. no bias
Review Questions
6. The light emitting diode produces light when

a. unbiased
b.forward
b. forward bias bias
c. reverse bias
d. zero bias
Review Questions
7. The PN junction offers

a. a high resistance in forward as well as reverse
direction
c.low
b. conducts inforward
resistance in forward direction
as well as in reverseonly
c. conducts in forward direction only
d. conducts in reverse direction only
Review Questions
8. The DC resistance of a diode is __________

than its AC resistance.
a. same as
c. lessthan
b. more than
c. less than
d. all of the above
Review Questions
9. The PIV rating of a crystal diode is

__________ that of equivalent vacuum diode.
a. lower than
a. lower
b. more thanthan
c. the same as
d. all of the above
Review Questions
10. Crystal diode is a __________ device.

a. non – linear
a.linear
b. non – linear
c. amplifying
d. oscillating
Review Questions
11. A zener diode has __________.

a. one PN junction
a.two
b. one PNPN junction
junction
c. three PN junction
d. 1.5 PN junction
Review Questions
12. The doping level in a zener diode is

___________ that of a crystal diode.
a. more than
a.less
b. morethan than
c. the same as
d. none of these
Review Questions
13. The most widely used rectifier circuit is

__________.
a. half wave
c. bridge
b. center tap type
c. bridge type
d. book type
Review Questions
14. If PIV rating of a diode is exceeded, the diode

___________.
a. stops conduction
b.isisdestroyed
b. destroyed
c. conducts heavily in the forward direction
d. is not destroyed
Review Questions
15. The __________ filter circuit results in the

best voltage regulation
a. choke input
a.capacitor
b. chokeinput input
c. resistant input
d. transformer input
Review Questions
16. A 60 Hz sine voltage is applied to the input of

a half wave rectifier, what is the output
frequency?
a. 60 Hz
a. 60HzHz
b. 120
c. 30 Hz
d. 180 Hz
Review Questions
17. If the load resistance of a capacitor – filtered

full wave rectifier is reduced, the ripple
voltage
a. increases
a. increases
b. decreases
c. is not affected
d. has different frequency
Review Questions
18. Load regulation is determined by

a. changes in load current and input voltage
b.changes
b. changes incurrent
in load loadandcurrent and
output voltage
c. changes in load resistance and input voltage
output voltage
d. changes in zener current and load current
Review Questions
19. If you are checking a 60 Hz full wave bridge

rectifier and observe that the output has a 60
Hz ripple,
a. the circuit is working properly
c. there
b. the is antransformer
secondary open diode is shorted
c. there is an open diode
d. the filter capacitor is leaky
Review Questions
20. The cathode of a zener diode in voltage

regulator is normally
a. more positive than anode
a.more
b. more positive
negative than anode
than anode
c. at +0.7V
d. grounded
Review Questions
21. A no load condition means that

a. the load has infinite resistance
d.the
b. answers a and
load has zero c (the load has
résistance
c. the output terminals are open
d. answersinfinite
a and c resistance, the output
terminals are open)
Review Questions
22. The internal resistance of a photodiode

a. increases with light intensity when reverse bias
b.
b.decreases
decreaseswith light
withintensity
lightwhen reverse bias
intensity
c. increases with light intensity when forward bias
when
d. decreases with reverse bias
light intensity when forward bias
Review Questions
23. A diode that has a negative resistance is the

__________.
a. Schottky diode
b.Tunnel
b. Tunneldiodediode
c. Laser diode
d. Hot – carrier diode
Review Questions
24. The small value of direct current that flows

when a semiconductor device has a reverse
bias
a. surge current
c. reverse
b. bias current current
c. reverse current
d. current limit
Review Questions
25. How does a junction diode rated?

a. maximum reverse current and PIV
b.
b.maximum
maximumforward current and
forward PIV
current and PIV
c. maximum forward current and capacitance
d. maximum reverse current and capacitance
Review Questions
26. Where do you measure the positive direct

current output voltage from a half wave
rectifier circuit?
a. anode terminal
c. cathode
b. any terminal terminal
c. cathode terminal
d. ground terminal
Review Questions
27. The main disadvantage of a conventional full

wave rectifier is that the peak voltage is
__________ that of a half wave rectifier.
a. triple
b.
b.half
half
c. double
d. quadruple
Review Questions
28. What is the condition of the diode in a series

limiter when the output is developed?
a. conducting
a.cut
b. conducting
– off
c. shorted
d. shunted
Review Questions
29. As a rule of thumb, what is an acceptable

ratio of back – to – forward resistance for a
diode?
a. 2 to 1
c.less
b. greater than
than 10 to 1 10 to 1
c. greater than 10 to 1
d. 5 to 1
Review Questions
30. What do you call the tiny crystal of

semiconductor material that glows when an
electric current passes through it?
a. LED
b.
d.laser beamcrystal
liquid
c. photon
d. liquid crystal
Review Questions
31. The percentage change in output voltage for

a given change in load current is called
__________.
a. load regulation
a. load
b. line regulation
regulation
c. output regulation
d. voltage regulation
Review Questions
32. How many diodes does a bridge circuit

require?
a. two diodes
b. three diodes
d. four
c. five diodes
diodes
d. four diodes
Review Questions
33. What type of circuit would a zener diode is

most likely used in?
a. voltage regulator
a. voltage regulator
b. amplifier
c. oscillator
d. rectifier
Review Questions
34. What is the correct operating voltage for a

typical LED?
a. +3 to +6V
a.-6+3
b. to to
+5V+6V
c. +12 to +18V
d. 0 to +120V
Review Questions
35. The ratio of a varactor’s capacitance at a

specified minimum voltage to the
capacitance at a specified maximum voltage.
a. tuning ratio
a. tuning ratio
b. percentage ratio
c. capacity ratio
d. efficiency ratio
Review Questions
36. The arrow in the schematic symbol for a

diode points which way
a. towards the cathode
b. intowards
a. the
the direction cathode
of the current flow
c. towards the anode
d. towards magnetic north
Review Questions
37. The anode of a semiconductor diode

indicates a __________ charge during
conduction
a. positive
a. positive
b. either, depending on the design
c. neutral
d. negative
Review Questions
38. A point in the characteristic curve of a diode

where the current suddenly rises
a. peak voltage
b.knee
b. knee voltage
voltage
c. valley voltage
d. trigger voltage
Review Questions
39. The small value of direct current that flows

when a semiconductor device has a reverse
bias
a. surge current
c.bias
b. reverse
current current
c. reverse current
d. current limit
Review Questions
40. In order to simplify a circuit, in analysis and

computation, the diode is normally assumed
as __________.
a. zero
b.
b.ideal
ideal
c. imaginary
d. infinite
Review Questions
41. An external voltage applied to a junction

reduces its barrier and aid current to flow
through the junction
a. reverse bias
d.external
b. forwardbias bias
c. junction bias
d. forward bias
Review Questions
42. How does an ohmmeter behave if its positive

lead is connected to the cathode of a diode
while negative to anode?
a. has infinite high resistance
a. has
b. has infinite
unstable high resistance
resistance
c. has very low resistance
d. has decreasing resistance
Review Questions
43. It is the maximum permissible reverse

voltage for the diode
a. peak reverse voltage
a.barrier
b. peakvoltage
reverse voltage
c. maximum voltage
d. tolerable voltage
Review Questions
44. Circuit that is used to eliminate or portions of

the input waveform above or below a
specified level
a. clamper
b.
b.clipper
clipper
c. DC restorer
d. multiplier
Review Questions
45. Which is not an application of clipper?

a. circuit transient protection
b.
d.changing the shape of the waveform
oscillation
c. detection
d. oscillation
Review Questions
46. What is another name for clamper?

a. slicer
b.
d.limiter
DC restorer
c. clipper
d. DC restorer
Review Questions
47. Circuit that is used to produce a DC output

voltage that is some integral multiple of the
peak of the AC input voltage
a. integrator
b.
d.restorer
multiplier
c. differentiator
d. multiplier
Review Questions
48. What is the process by which AC is converted

to pulsating DC?
a. charging
b.rectification
b. rectification
c. filtering
d. clipping
Review Questions
49. _________ is the output of a half – wave

rectifier
a. half – wave rectified signal
a. half wave
b. square – wavesignalrectified signal
c. 100% AC signal
d. sinusoidal signal
Review Questions
50. How many diodes will you use to have a

basic half – wave rectifier?
a. three
d.four
b. one
c. two
d. one
Review Questions
51. The four basic circuit blocks that make up a

power supply are
a. transformer, clipper, filter, regulator
d.rectifier,
b. transformer, rectifier,
clamper, filter, regulator filter, regulator
c. transformer, rectifier, inverter, regulator
d. transformer, rectifier, filter, regulator
Review Questions
52. What is the ideal voltage regulation of a

power supply?
a. 0%
a.50%
b. 0%
c. 100%
d. 1%
Review Questions
53. It is a type of transformer whose secondary

voltage is equal to the primary voltage and
used to isolate electrically the power supply
from the AC power line thus protecting the
power supply and the technician who is
working on it
a. autotransformer
b.
d.step – down transformer
isolation transformer
c. step – up transformer
d. isolation transformer
Review Questions
54. Find the direct current voltage from a full –

wave rectifier with 120V peak rectified
voltage
a. 60V
c. 76.39V
b. 7.639V
c. 76.39V
d. 6.0V
Review Questions
55. What is the maximum efficiency of a half –

wave rectifier?
a. 50%
b.40.6%
b. 40.6%
c. 81.2%
d. 100%
Review Questions
56. A half – wave rectifier circuit utilizing one

half of an AC input cycle have a ripple
frequency in its output equivalent to
a. 60 cps
a. 60cps
b. 120 cps
c. 110 cps
d. 240 cps
Review Questions
57. Find the ripple factor (kr) of sinusoidal signal

with peak ripple of 4V on an average of 30
a. 0.094
a.0.013
b. 0.094
c. 0.130
d. 0.940
Review Questions
58. It the remaining variation in the output of a

power supply filter
a. residual voltage
b.ripple
b. ripple
c. offset voltage
d. persistent voltage
Review Questions
59. A DC voltage supply is measured at 50V and

drops to 45V when the load is connected.
What is the value of “voltage regulation”?
a. 5%
d.50%
b. 11.11%
c. 60%
d. 11.11%
Review Questions
60. How much voltage regulation does

commercial power supply have?
a. 10%
b.
d.10% and above
within 1%
c. 15% and above
d. within 1%
Review Questions
61. What is the voltage regulation when the full

load voltage is the same as no – load voltage
assuming a perfect voltage source?
a. 100%
b.
b.0%0%
c. 1%
d. 10%
Review Questions
62. _________ is a type of linear voltage used in

application where the load on the
unregulated voltage source must be kept
constant
a. a series regulator
d.aaconstant
b. shuntcurrent
regulator
source
c. a shunt current source
d. a shunt regulator
Review Questions
63. __________ is a type of linear regulator used

in applications requiring efficient utilization
of the primary power source
a. a series regulator
a.aashunt
b. series regulator
regulator
c. a constant current source
d. a shunt current source
Review Questions
64. It is the sudden current and voltage spike

that has a small duration
a. transient
a.Vtransient
b. rms
c. peak voltage
d. VDC
Review Questions
65. It is the component that is used to provide a

discharge path for the capacitor in a voltage
multiplier if the load opens
a. discharging path
d.tuned
b. bleeder
circuit resistor
c. inductive path
d. bleeder resistor
Review Questions
66. How do you determine if a diode is

defective?
a. diode resistance is very low or very high on either
a. diode resistance is very low or
direction
b. high current
very high on either direction
c. very low current
d. high voltage
Review Questions
67. The term used to describe sudden reverse

conduction of an electronic component
cause by excess reverse voltage across the
device
a. cut – off
c.saturation
b. avalanche
c. avalanche
d. reversion
Review Questions
68. How do zener diodes widely used?

a. current limiter
b.
c.variable
voltage resistors
regulators
c. voltage regulators
d. power collectors
Review Questions
69. __________ is a PN junction semiconductor

device that emits non coherent optical
radiation when biased in the forward
direction, as a result of a recombination
effect.
a. LASER
c. LED
b. JUGPET
c. LED
d. optical cavity
Review Questions
70. What type of bias is required for an LED to

produce luminescence?
a. reverse bias
c.zero
b. forward
bias bias
c. forward bias
d. inductive bias
Review Questions
71. What special type of diode is capable of both

amplification and oscillation?
a. point contact diode
d.junction
b. tunnel diode
diode
c. zener diode
d. tunnel diode
Review Questions
72. Which is the principal characteristic of a

tunnel diode?
a. a very high PIV
d.aahigh
b. negative resistance
forward current rating region
c. a high forward resistance
d. a negative resistance region
Review Questions
73. A high – speed diode with very small junction

capacitance
a. silicon diode
b.schottky
b. schottky
c. germanium diode
d. tunnel
Review Questions
74. Which is the principal characteristic of a

varactor diode?
a. it has a very high PIV
b. itits
c. hasinternal capacitance varies with
a negative region
c. its internal capacitance varies with the applied
the applied voltage
voltage
d. it has a constant voltage under conditions of
varying current
Review Questions
75. It is the factor by which the capacitance of

the varactor changes from one special value
of reverse voltage to another
a. capacitance factor
c. capacitance
b. variance factor ratio
c. capacitance ratio
d. reactance factor
Review Questions
76. A varactor diode with a high capacitance

ratio can be used in
a. tuning fork
b.coarse
b. coarse tuning
tuning
c. phase tuning
d. fine tuning
Review Questions
77. It is a kind of a tuning circuit that is used to

vary the value of the resonant frequency
over a wide range of frequencies
a. resonant circuit
d.band
b. coarse tuning circuit
wide circuit
c. fine tuning circuit
d. coarse tuning circuit
Review Questions
78. It is a diode whose central material is made

up of intrinsic silicon sandwiched by p and n
type materials
a. PIN
a. PIN
b. zener
c. schottky
d. tunnel
Review Questions
79. Type of diode that is made of metal whisker

touching a very small semiconductor die
a. a junction diode
c. point diode
b. varactor contact diode
c. point contact diode
d. zener diode
Review Questions
80. It is a circuit that uses two diodes to provide

DC output voltage equal to twice the AC
voltage
a. voltage doubler
a. voltage
b. voltage doubler
regulator
c. voltage multiplier
d. all of these
Review Questions
81. Without a DC source, a clipper acts like a

a. rectifier
b.
a.clamper
rectifier
c. demodulator
d. chopper
Review Questions
82. The main job of a voltage regulator is to

provide a nearly __________ output voltage
a. sinusoidal
b.constant
b. constant
c. smooth
d. fluctuating
Review Questions
83. The average value of a half – wave rectified

voltage with a peak value of 200V is
a. 63.7V
a.127.3V
b. 63.7V
c. 141V
d. 0V
Review Questions
84. When the peak output voltage is 100V the

PIV for each diode in the center – tapped full
– wave rectifier is (neglecting the diode drop)
a. 100V
b.
b.200V
200V
c. 141V
d. 50V
Review Questions
85. When the rms output voltage of a full –wave

bridge rectifier is 20V, the peak inverse
voltage across the diodes is (neglecting the
diode drop)
a. 20V
c.40V
b. 28.3V
c. 28.3V
d. 56.6V
Review Questions
86. If the input voltage to a voltage tripler has an

rms value of 12V, the DC output voltage is
approximately
a. 36V
b.
b.50.9V
50.9V
c. 33.9V
d. 32.4V
Review Questions
87. A transformer giving secondary voltage of

9V rms is used in a half – wave rectifier
circuit. The peak inverse voltage across the
diodes is
a. 9V
b.13V
b. 13V
c. 18V
d. 26V
Review Questions
88.A certain power supply filter produces an

output with a ripple of 100mV peak – to –
peak and a DC value of 20V. The ripple factor
is
a. 0.05
b.0.005
b. 0.005
c. 0.00005
d. 0.02
Review Questions
89. The ripple of a filter output voltage with the

following output signal measurement of
VDC = 30V and Vrms = 1.5V is
a. 9.5%
c. 5%
b. 95%
c. 5%
d. 50%
Review Questions
90. A PN junction is formed by

a. the recombination of electrons and holes
c. the boundary of a p – type and an
b. ionization
c. the boundary
n – type of material
a p – type and an n – type
material
d. the collision of a proton and a neutron
Review Questions
91. The depletion region is created by

a. ionization
b.
d.diffusion
all of the above (ionization,
c. recombination
diffusion,
d. all of the above recombination)
Review Questions
92. As you increase the doping level of a crystal

diode, its voltage __________.
a. destabilizes
c.decreases
b. increases
c. increases
d. stabilizes
Review Questions
93. With the rise of the temperature of a PN

junction, which of the following will
increase?
a. width of the depletion region
c. reverse
b. junction leakage
barrier current
of the voltage
c. reverse leakage current
d. all of the above
Review Questions
94. If the doping level of crystal diode is

increased, the breakdown voltage
a. remains the same
b.isisdecreased
b. decreased
c. is increased
d. either increased or decreased
Review Questions
95. What happens to the width of the depletion

region of a PN junction when the doping
level is increased?
a. increases
c. decreases
b. remains the same
c. decreases
d. vanishes
Review Questions
96. A half – wave rectified circuit utilizing one –

half of an AC input cycle have a ripple
frequency in its output equivalent to
a. 60 cps
a.120
b. 60cpscps
c. 110 cps
d. 240 cps
Review Questions
97. The maximum rectification efficiency of a full

– wave rectifier
a. 40.6%
d. 81.2%
b. 89%
c. 50%
d. 81.2%
Review Questions
98. The ripple factor for a half – wave rectifier is

a. 2
b.
b.1.21
1.21
c. 0.7
d. 0.45
Review Questions
99. The ripple factor for a full – wave rectifier is

a. 1
b.
d.0.96
0.482
c. 0.64
d. 0.482
Review Questions
100. If the filter capacitance is increased, the

ripple will
a. decrease
a.stay
b. decrease
the same
c. increase
d. none of the above
Review Questions
101. The disadvantage of a half – wave rectifier is

that
a. components are expensive
c.diodes
b. outputmustishave
difficult to filter
power rating
c. output is difficult to filter
d. uses transformer
Review Questions
102. If the load current is 5mA and the filter

capacitance is 1000μF, what is the peak to
peak ripple output of the bridge rectifier?
a. 21.3pV
b.
d.56.3nV
41.7mV
c. 41.1mV
d. 41.7mV
Review Questions
103. Find the filter capacitor that will provide

2.5% ripple filtered voltage having a load of
120mA, full – wave rectified voltage of 36Vdc
and 60 Hz supply.
a. 3117μF
d.3207μF
b. 320.7μF
c. 311.7μF
d. 320.7μF
Review Questions
104. Find the voltage regulation giving a DC

voltage of 67V without load and with full
load current drawn the output voltage drops
to 42V.
a. 59.5%
a. 59.5%
b. 62.7%
c. 15.9%
d. 32.5%
Review Questions
105. What is the voltage across a reverse biased

diode in series with a 10V DC source and a
1kΩ resistor?
a. 0V
d. 10V
b. 0.7V
c. 0.3V
d. 10V

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Diodes

Components that conduct current in

Developed by John Ambrose

b. At the junction, the electrons from the

Barrier potential (0.7 for Si and 0.3 for Ge )

d. Forward Voltage Drop

f. Reverse Saturation Current

 Maximum reverse voltage that can be

 Voltage across the inductor when the diode

h. Reverse DC Resistance (Rr)

 When the breakdown voltage is

 With very stable voltage drop

 Useful as voltage regulator

 The fine wire is called cat - whisker

 For signal mixing and detection

 Also known as Surface Barrier Diode

 Also known as Hot - Carrier Diode

 This type of diode has no depletion layer

 A rectifying metal semiconductor junction

 Can rectify frequencies up to 300 MHz

 ESBAR (Epitaxial Schottky Barrier)

Construction of Schottky Diode

Metal Silicon Junction

 When this diode is reverse bias, the width

 Used for electronic tuning, harmonic

 Type of diode that exhibits the

 Utilizes a heavily doped material and

 Has a very thin depletion layer

 The extremely narrow depletion region

 Used for oscillators and amplifiers

 Conducts better in the reverse (-0.1V) than

 Designed such that its high current flow

 Positive – intrinsic Negative Diode

 The intrinsic material between the P and N

 Used in microwave switches

 GaAs LEDs emit infrared (IR) radiation

 Red is the most common color of LEDs

Emitted Visible Light

 Typical voltage drop: 1.5V to 2.5V for

 Nominal Voltage drop: 2V

 Reverse Breakdown: 3V – 10V

 LASER light is monochromatic meaning it

 LASER light is also a coherent light

 LASER diodes and photodiodes are used in

 Is one that is optimized for its sensitivity to

 A window let light to pass through the

 Dark current is the reverse current flowing

 Typically seen in power supplies

Conversion factor = 40.6%

Conversion factor = 81.2%

Half – Wave Center –tapped Bridge Type

Vrms Vpk / 2 Vpk / √2 Vpk / √2

Vave Vpk / ∏ 2Vpk / ∏ 2Vpk / ∏

Irms Ipk / 2 Ipk / √2 Ipk / √2

Iave Ipk / ∏ 2Ipk / ∏ 2Ipk / ∏

PIV Vpk 2Vpk Vpk

 Other names are limiters, amplitude

 Add or restore a DC level to an electrical

 Also known as DC restorer

 Uses clamping action to increase peak

 Used in high – voltage, low current

At the first negative half cylcle At the first positivehalf cylcle

 The PIV of each diode is 2Vp