ORDER OF PRESENTATION

1. PNP SOPs in Crime Scene Investigation

2. General Approach in Crime Scene Investigation
 First Responder
 Investigator-on-Case
 SOCO
 Types of Crime Scene
 Delineation of crime scene
3. Crime Scene Processing Procedure
 Documentation
 Search
 Collection, Handling and packaging of Physical Evidence
 CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION (CSI)
shall refer to the post-incident police operational
procedures undertaken at the crime scene when a
crime has been committed
A comprehensive inquiry of a crime by conducting
systematic procedure of various investigative
methodologies which involves recognition, search,
collection, handling, preservation and documentation
and interview of witnesses and the arrest of suspect/s
at the crime scene.
It shall technically commence upon the arrival of
the First Responders (FRs) , to the arrival of the Duty
Investigator/IOC, and the SOCO team, until the lifting
of the security cordon and release of the crime
 CRIME SCENE
INVESTIGATION(CSI)
 A comprehensive inquiry of a crime by
conducting systematic procedure of various
investigative methodologist which involves
recovery of physical and testimonial evidence
for the purpose of identifying the witnesses, and
arrest of perpetrator(s) for prosecution. It shall
technically commence upon the arrival of the
First Responders and conclude with the lifting
of the security cordon and release of the crime
scene by the Investigator-on-case.
 FIRST RESPONDER (FR)
Any member of the PNP or other law
enforcement agencies who are mandated and
expected to be the first to respond to calls for
assistance to crime incidents. It generally refers
to a police officer who has jurisdiction of the
area where the incident or crime has taken place.
He/she is tasked to proceed to the crime scene
to render asistance to the victim and to protect
and secure the incident scene.
 Investigator-On-case (IOC)
 Any PNP Personnel who is duly designated or
assigned to conduct inquiry of the crime by
following a systematic set of procedures and
methodologies for the purpose of identifying
witnesses, recovering evidence and arresting and
prosecuting the perpetrators. The IOC shall
assume full responsibility over the crime scene
during the conduct of CSI.
Scene of Crime Operation (SOCO)

A functional capability of the PNP

Crime Laboratory performed by its
trained personnel through the
recognition, methodical search, proper
documentation / recording and
collection of physical evidence at the
crime scene.
HIGHLIGHTS OF DISCUSSIONS

(I)
Actions to be taken
by the police officer
(III)
who receive a report
of a crime/incident
The preliminary
investigation to be
initiated by the First
(II) Responder
Actions to be taken
by the First (IV)
Responder on arrival Changing sequence
at the crime scene of command of the
crime scene
THE FIRST RESPONDER
R RESPOND
E EVALUATE
S SECURE
P PROTECT
O OBSERVE
N NOTIFY
D DOCUMENTATION
 CONCLUSION
FIVE BASIC STEPS OF FIRST RESPONDER

A Arrest the perpetrator, if possible

D Detain & identify witnesses and/or suspects
A Assess the crime scene
P Protect the crime scene
T Take notes
GENERALLY THE SUCCESS OF MOST CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATOR BEGINS AT THE CRIME SCENE FOR
THE FOLLOWING REASONS:

A. It is at the crime scene where vital witnesses can be located or

sometimes the suspect arrested
B. It is at the crime scene where vital physical evidence can be
discovered

GOLDEN RULES IN CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

“NEVER ALTER THE POSITION, PICK-UP OR EVEN

TOUCH OR CHANGE ANY OBJECT UNLESS IT HAS
BEEN DESCRIBED, IDENTIFIED, IN OFFICIAL NOTE,
SKETCH AND PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN”
The foundation of all forensic investigations is base on the ability of crime
scene investigator to recognize the potential physical evidence, large or
small, at the crime scene.

THE LOCARD’S EXCHANGE PRINCIPLE:

• “Every contact leaves a trace”

 TYPES OF CRIME SCENE
According to Delineation

1. Primary Crime Scene - where the original or first criminal act

occurred.

2. Secondary Crime Scene – is in someway related to the crime

but is not where the actual crime took place.
 TYPES OF CRIME SCENE
According to Location

1. Indoor Crime Scene

 TYPES OF CRIME SCENE
According to Location
2. Outdoor Crime Scene
 TYPES OF CRIME SCENE
According to Location
3. Mixed Crime Scenes
 TYPES OF CRIME SCENE
According to Location

4. Special Locations (vessel, airplane, drum container, septic

tank… etc)
 TYPES OF CRIME SCENE
Classification according to condition:

1. Active Crime Scene

2. Passive Crime Scene

?
 Progression of Crime Scene Investigation
(CSI)

FIRSTSOCO
RESPONDERS

CRIME
SCENE
IOC

CSI starts from the arrival of FR to the arrival of

Duty IOC and the SOCO team until the lifting of
police line and release of crime scene by the
IOC.
Thru the use of police line or authority line
 POLICE LINE_

50% +50%
Approx.
distance
.
 POLICE LINE_

50% +50%
Approx.
distance
.
POLICE LINE_
OSCP,Political
Figures, Gov’t/local
Public/Crow
officials, Media
d
During the recent years, training of PNP personnel and creation of SOPs
significantly improve the handling crime scene responses by all personnel
involved. Media networks also greatly contributed to the improvement
thru their public awareness programs.
PROCEDURE IN CRIME SCENE PROCESSING

 DOCUMENTATION

 SEARCH (RECOGNITION)

 COLLECTION
 CRIME SCENE DOCUMENTATION

 Note Taking
 Photography and/videography
 Sketch
 CRIME SCENE DOCUMENTATION

 Note Taking
Written record of the assessment of the crime scene, observations, unusual
situation noted inside and outside at the crime scene.
Narrative description, factual information and record of significant events at the
crime scene.
 CRIME SCENE DOCUMENTATION

 Photography
a. General View (Long Range) of the crime scene
b. Medium View (Mid-range)
c. Close up shots
-overall view of the crime scene to include the reference point.
-showing the four angles of the crime scene including the possible entrance and
exit point of the suspect. This are taken in a manner which portrays the scene app.
10-20 feet of distance from the subject
Close-up with scale
Crime Scene Photography
Photographic Procedure

1
Crime Scene Photography

2
Crime Scene Photography

close-up shots

2
2

2
2
?
CRIME SCENE DOCUMENTATION

 Sketch
An illustration or drawing that depicts the overall layout of a location and the
relationship (i.e. distance) of evidentiary items to the surroundings of a crime
scene.
STAGEs OF DOING THE SKETCH

• 1st stage: Rough Sketch

-accomplish at the crime scene
-is the first drawn outline of the scene and the location of evidence

• 2nd stage: Final Sketch

-a more precise drawing accomplished from the rough sketch. Drawn
through the use of ruler/scale ruler or other tools such as computer software.
 ROUGH
SKETCH

(Floor Plan Type)

 FINAL
SKETCH

(Floor Plan Type)

CRIME SCENE DOCUMENTATION

TYPE OF SKETCHES
1. Overview and/or Floor Plan Sketch
2. Elevation Sketch
3. Exploded View Sketch
4. Perspective Sketch
1. OVERVIEW SKETCH - It is the bird’s eye view or the floor plan sketch of the scene.
- this is the most common type of sketch where items/things on the scene
are on a horizontal plane.

(OUTDOOR SCENE) (INDOOR SCENE)

3. EXPLODED VIEW – It is similar to a floor plan except that the walls have been laid
out flat and object significant to each walls have been shown in their relative
positions.
4.PERSPECTIVE SKETCH – depicts the scene or item of
interest in three dimensions. It is the most difficult sketch to
create and requires some artistic skill.
2. ELEVATION SKETCH – For vertical or inclined surfaces at the scene. Portrays non-
horizontal plane.
CRIME SCENE DOCUMENTATION

TYPES OF CRIME SCENE MEASUREMENTS

1. Triangulation Method
2. Rectangular Method
3. Baseline/Coordinate Method
4. Compass Point
Triangulation Method
Rectangular Method
Baseline or Coordinate Method
Compass Point Method
Compass Point Method
CRIME SCENE DOCUMENTATION

General Requirement of a Good Sketch

• 1. Reference of fix point/s

• 2. Legend
• 3. Title box
• 4. North Orientation Arrow (Use of Directional Compass)
• 5. Label your sketch either “DRAWN TO SCALE OR NOT TO SCALE”
 To Rue DRAWN NOT TO SCALE
FLERIO

B A

Boulevardu
15 Octobre MV V

C 2
3
Louverture
Toussaint

TITLE: / Case Number LEGEND/S:

V- victim
Avenue

Nature of Case
Victim: MV – Motor Vehicle
Suspect: A – KM Post
TDPO: B & C – Electric Poles
Requesting Party: 1 – Fired Cartridge Case
Investigator: 2 – Fired Cartridge Case
T/D Completed: 3 – Fired Bullet
Sketched by:
**TDPO: Time, Date, Place of Occurence
CRIME SCENE DOCUMENTATION

ADVANCE CRIME SCENE SKETCH

CAD (Computer Aided Designs)

?
CRIME SCENE SEARCH

The search for physical evidence is done using the accepted

methods of search depending upon the actual location to be
searched

…
CRIME SCENE SEARCH

There are 4 stages of crime scene search as elaborated under

the revised PNPCL Scene of Crime Operation Manual:

Stage 1. Preliminary Search

Stage 2. Detailed Crime Scene Search

Stage 3. Vigorous Search

Stage 4. Final Search

…
 STAGES OF SEARCH
1. PRELIMINARY SEARCH- This stage of search is a
cautious walk through of the CS jointly conducted
by the SOCO TL and the IOC purposely to assess
the extent of the CS, to determine the possible
search pattern to be applied, and identify the type
of evidence to be encountered.
2. DETAILED CS SEARCH- The searchers start from the
visible and easily accessible areas and eventually
proceed to more difficult and hardly accessible
areas
3. VIGOROUS SEARCH- This is the most intrusive of
all searches where the searchers proceed to the
concealed physical evidence and most difficult
or hardly accessible areas. This aspect of search
will start after the pieces physical evidence
initially found during the detailed search have
been properly documented (photographed,
recorded and sketch) and collected.
4. FINAL SEARCH – Critical review of the preceding
search levels, the purpose of which is to check
completeness of search
 Different Methods of Search

a) Strip or Line Search

b) Grid or Double Strip Search
c) Spiral Search
d) Quadrant Search
e) Wheel/Pie Search
a) Strip Search or Line Search
b) Grid or Double Strip
c) Spiral Search
d) Quadrant
Line Search
?
COLLECTION AND PACKAGING

WHEN TO COLLECT
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE?
After the completion of photographs
(video), rough sketch and measurements.
(GOLDEN RULE IN CRIME SCENE
PROCESSING).
GENERAL CATEGORY (According to NATURE)
Biological Evidence:
1. Blood Stains
2. Seminal Stains
3. Hairs
4. Muscle tissues/skin scrapings
5. Sweat
Non Biological Evidence:
1. Glass Fractures
2. Paints
3. Explosive Evidence
4. Tool Evidence and Marks
5. Seized Drugs
6. Firearm Evidence
7. Questioned Documents
 AS A GENERAL RULE : ALL DRIED BIOLOGIGAL EVIDENCE OR
EVIDENCE CONTAINING BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL MUST BE PLACED
IN A PAPER MADE CONTAINERS OR BAGS.
FOR THE NON BIOLOLOGICAL EVIDENCE, PLASTIC BAG/DURABLE
CONTAINER IS RECOMMENDED.

** fresh muscle tissues are exempted from this rule: Use glass or plastic containers.
Result after considerable time in the same storage
 BIOLOGICAL/DNA EVIDENCE

QUESTIONED SPECIMEN- collected from the Crime Scene

V.S.

STANDARD SAMPLE- known source for comparison or reference standards.

Crime Scene Bloodstain vs Victim and/or suspect

1. Questioned Specimen

FCC Documents
Latent prints Blood stain/s of
unknown source
Seminal Stains

**UV LIGHT AS SEARCH TOOL

a. on clothing, blankets and sheet - air dry.

b. Wrap in paper and package in paper bags.
 SEAL

To maintain integrity of the specimen; to further

prove that no tampering took placed.
 “MARKINGS” on the
specimen

These are information to ensure that the items can be

identified by the collector at any given time in the
future.
This precaution will help immeasurably to
established the credibility of the collector’s testimony
in court and will effectively avoid any suggestions that
the item has been misidentified.
 Markings on Evidence during the collection

Markings on the specimen must at least contain

the following:

1. Initials and or signature of the collecting officer.

2. Date of collection.

3. SOCO Case Number

***location where the evidence was recovered.

Labeling through Tagging
 Questioned blood
stain

a. Exhibits

b. Initials and or signature of c. Date of collection.

the collecting officer.
Markings away from
the stain
Integrity seal

Initial/Signature
of the Collecting
Officer/who did
the packaging
Improvised
packaging
 Integrity seal
(Scotch tape)

Initial/Signature
of the Collecting
Officer/who did
the packaging
 Exhibit/Case Nr.

Date of Collection

Description of
specimen
enclosed
Other
information
Integrity Seal
(Masking tape)

Markings (other information)

Side A
 Integrity Seal (Scotch
tape)

Initial/Signature
of the Collecting
Officer/who did
the packaging

Side B
 Marking an evidence bullet

bullet base
example: engraved
marked “ABC

On the nose (if the base

is badly damaged) never on the body
Mark a fired cartridge case ( e.g. “FFB”), outside near open mouth or inside near open
mouth

Inside, near open mouth

Outside, near open mouth
Marked “FFB”

Date: “02-18-06”
Markings by the use
of tag
Multi Purpose Evidence Box
SOCO Forms
 CRIME SCENE PROCESSING SPECIFIC PROCEDURE
• 1. CS APPROACH
• 2. PRELIMINARY CRIME SCENE SURVEY
• 3. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE ASESSMENT
• 4. NARATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE CRIME SCENE
• 5. CS DOCUMENTATION
• 6. CS SEARCH
• 7 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE RECORDING AND COLLECTION
• 8. FINAL CS PROCESSING
• 9. POST CRIME SCENE PROCESSING
• 10. CASE CONFERENCE
 COURT

PROSECUTOR

EVIDENCE CUSTODIAN

FORENSIC EXAMINER

SOCO EVIDENCE CUSTODIAN

EVIDENCE COLLECTOR

CRIME SCENE
PHYSICAL
EVIDENCE
 CHAIN OF CUSTODY

Crime Scene
Evidence
Investigator-on-Case Evidence Collector
-Markings and packaging; Evidence Log
Form
SOCO Team Evidence Custodian
- Inventory of Evidence Form ; sealing of Evidence
- Transport and Delivery of the evidence
with Letter Request

(Division Concerned) Forensic Examiner

-Evidence log and markings

Division Evidence
-Examination and Result
Custodian
-Evidence Log and Storage -Court order (Subpoena)

Court Presentation
?