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Consumption of
Population,
living
Life Supporting
standards, Resources are
productivity
Rising
Sustainable
Sustain
Keep alive or in existence
(Membuat terus hidup atau wujud)
Keep an effort going, maintain
(Meneruskan sesuatu usaha,
mempertahankan)
Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Sustainable Development
Most societies aspire to achieve economic
development to secure rising standards of living,
both for themselves and for future generations.
They also seek to protect and enhance their
environment, now and for their children.
Reconciling these two aspirations is at the heart
of sustainable development.
Sustainable Development
To provide an adequate supply of food and other
products in an efficient manner.
To minimise consumption of non-renewable and other
resources.
To safeguard the quality of soil, water and the air and
to preserve, where feasible, biodiversity in the
landscape.
Principles of Sustainable Development
Economic development is sought by societies not
only to satisfy basic material needs, but also to
provide the resources to improve the quality of life
in other domains, meeting the demand for health
care, education and a good environment.
Many forms of economic development make
demands upon the environment; they use natural
resources which are sometimes in limited supply,
and generate by-products of pollution and waste.
Principles of Sustainable Development
The right kind of economic activity can protect or
enhance the environment.
These include:
energy efficiency measures,
improved technology and techniques of management,
better product design and marketing,
waste minimization,
environmentally friendly farming practices,
making better use of land and buildings, and
improved transport efficiency.
Challenge
The challenge of sustainable development is to
promote ways of encouraging the use of various
kinds of environmentally friendly economic
activity, and of discouraging environmentally
damaging activities.
Sustainable Development Strategy
Brundtland (1987)
Concepts
It contains within it two key concepts:
Crossen (1992)
Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainable agriculture is a system that can evolve
indefinitely toward greater human utility, greater
efficiency of resource use and a balance with the
environment which is favourable to humans and most
other species.
Harwood (1990)
Sustainable Agriculture
We thus define agricultural sustainability as the ability
to maintain productivity, whether as a field or farm or
nation,
Where
output of valued product
productivity = ---------------------------------
per unit of resource input.
Conway & Barbier (1990)
Caretaker of both Natural and Human
Resources
stewardship of both natural and human resources
is of prime importance.
Stewardship of human resources includes
consideration of social responsibilities such as
working and living conditions of workers, the
needs of rural communities, and consumer health
and safety both in the present and the future.
Stewardship of land and natural resources involves
maintaining or enhancing this vital resource base
for the long term.
Systems Perspective
A systems perspective is essential to understanding
sustainability.
The system is envisioned in its broadest sense,
from the individual farm, to the local ecosystem,
and to communities affected by the farming
system both locally and globally.
A systems approach gives the tools to explore the
interconnections between farming and other
aspects of the environment.
Interdisciplinary Efforts
A systems approach also implies interdisciplinary
efforts in research and education.
This requires not only the input of researchers from
various disciplines, but also farmers, farmworkers,
consumers, policymakers and others.
The Trend Meet
Future
Needs
transition
PROCESS
NON-SUSTAINABLE SUSTAINABLE
Degradation
Erosion of
Values
A Process
Making the transition to sustainable agriculture is a
process.
Reaching toward the goal of sustainable agriculture is
the responsibility of all participants in the system,
including farmers, workers, policymakers, researchers,
retailers, and consumers.
Resource Degradation
Natural resource degradation from non-sustainable
farming and forestry practices.
Water is the principal resource that has helped
agriculture and society to prosper, and it has been a
major limiting factor when mismanaged.
drought-tolerant crop species, using reduced-volume
irrigation systems, managing crops to reduce water loss,
or don’t plant anything!
Energy
Modern agriculture is heavily dependent on non-
renewable energy sources, especially petroleum.
The continued use of these non-renewable energy
sources cannot be sustained indefinitely.
In sustainable agricultural systems, there is
reduced reliance on non-renewable energy sources
and a substitution of renewable sources to the
extent that is economically feasible e.g. biofuel
Water Quality
The most important issues related to water quality
involve salinization and contamination of ground and
surface waters by pesticides, nitrates and selenium.
Erosion and sedimentation.
Waste water treatment.
Desertification
Air Quality
Many agricultural activities affect air quality.
These include smoke from agricultural burning;
dust from tillage, traffic and harvest; pesticide drift
from spraying; and nitrous oxide emissions from
the use of nitrogen fertilizer.
Options to improve air quality include
incorporating crop residue into the soil, using
appropriate levels of tillage, and planting wind
breaks, cover crops or strips of native perennial
grasses to reduce dust.
Soil Quality
Soil erosion continues to be a serious threat to our
continued ability to produce adequate food.
Property development
Hillside clearing
Numerous practices have been developed to keep
soil in place, which include reducing or
eliminating tillage, managing irrigation to reduce
runoff, and keeping the soil covered with plants or
mulch.
Enhancement of soil quality.
Analysis of Sustainability
Gaharu
Sustainable Harvesting
The use of living resources may have to be
considered over a relatively short period or be
related to populations (plant and animal) capable
of reproduction.
This has given rise to the concept of sustainable
harvesting, taking only such proportion of the
population as can be continued over time,
depending on reproductive rates in animals and
seed numbers in plants
Economic Sustainability
Economics is about the efficient use of resources,
usually expressed in monetary terms.
The concept of economic sustainability is subject,
on all levels, to different inputs and outputs.
The economic sustainability of a farm is subject to
the viability of, and markets for, an enterprise or
product.
The economic sustainability of a nation is subject
to the whole economy on local, national and
international level.
Farming Life
Enjoy your life. Farming is hard work, but the most
successful farmers know when to call it a day and
circumvent burn-out.
Remember why you're farming and why, in particular,
you're aiming for a sustainable operation.
For most people, it's because they like knowing they're
leaving land in better shape than they found it.
TUTORIAL Session
Provide your understanding of what Biosystems
Engineering is all about?
What is a working definition of sustainability?
Illustrate with a simple diagram of
sustainability with respect to INPUT, OUTPUT
and USE.
Relate between population and sustainability.