LECTURE - 2 – PRINCIPLES OF THERMAL

COMFORT
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

PERSONAL FACTORS
THERMAL COMFORT
 Is the temperature of the air
surrounding the body. Usually given in
Celcius

Is the heat that radiates from the warm

object.

Described the speed of moving air

across the employee and may help
cool them if the air is cooler than
environment

Ratio between the actual amount of

water vapour in the air and the
maximum amount of water vapour that
the air can hold at that air temperature.
Thermal comfort is very much
dependent on the insulating effect
of clothing on the wearer.

The more physical work we do,

the more heat we produce
Personal aspect
• Three types of heat transfer
– Conduction:
• Whenever there is a temperature gradient in a solid medium
• Movement of “free electrons” and atom oscillations

– Convection:
• Heat is transferred by the “bulk flow” of air/liquid medium.

– Radiation:
• Infrared radiation or thermal radiation. Movement through
space from warm to cold surfaces (No medium is required)

• Human body obeys the first law of thermodynamics:

Energy balance for human body
 EXAMPLE:
Ada seorang tanpa busana berdiri dalam
ruang dengan suhu udara 20 deg C.
Hitung Jumlah perpindahan panas
tersebut bila luas permukaan & suhu
kulitnya 1,6 m2 & 34°C. diketahui bahwa
emisivitas permukaan kulit manusi = 0.95,
koefisien konveksi 6 W/m2°C
Environment Factors
• Air temperature ~ Convection
• Relative humidity ~ Evaporation
• Air velocity near a human body, V ~
Convection
• Surface temperature of the enclosure
and other objects ~ Radiation
STANDART FOR HVAC
That condition of mind in which
satisfaction is
expressed with the thermal
environment.”

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2004:

Thermal Environmental Conditions for
Human Occupancy
MATHEMATIC ASPECT
Contoh : Perhitungan transmitan Elemen Bangunan

Elemen dinding terdiri dari lapisan plester luar (1,5 cm),

batu bata (12 cm) dan plester dalam (1,5 cm).
Konduktivitas plester = 0.9 W/m2degC, sedangkan
konduktivitas batu bata = 1.2 Wm/m2degC.

Hitunglah : Transmitan dinding

Bagaimana jika permukaan dalam

dilapisi kayu 2 cm dengan
konduktivitas = 0.16 W/m2degC ????
 Contoh : Perhitungan Panas yang menembus
elemen bangunan

Seperti soal 1, luas dinding 3x6 m2. suhu udara didalam

ruangan 27°C. suhu udara luar 30°C. matahari tidak
mengenai dinding secara langsung.

Hitunglah : panas yang mengalir dari permukaan luar

dinding ke permukaan dalam

Bagaimana Panas yang mengalir

untuk soal b (lapisan dalam
ditambah kayu??)
 Contoh : Perhitungan Panas yang menembus
kaca

Qs = A.I.θ. Watt

Hitunglah panas yang menembus kaca

bening selebar 1x2 m2, apabila sinar
matahari langsung bersudut 60 ° dari
jendela, radiasi matahari 700 W/m2.
 Can we predict thermal comfort?
Thermal comfort modeling- Energy balance on body :

Energy production – Mechanical work = Heat

losses
M - W = Qsk + Qres
M - W = ( Csk + Rsk + Esk ) + ( Cres + Eres )
M - Rate of metabolic heat production (W/m2 body surface area)
W - Rate of mechanical work
Q - Heat losses
C - Convective heat losses
R - Radiative heat losses
E - Evaporative heat losses (sk – Skin, res – Respiration)
What happens if the heat dissipated to the Environment is less than the
M-W???
Body thermal load=not dissipated to the environment heat from body !!!
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 Thermal comfort predictive
model
Most widely used :
Prof. Fanger’s famous methods:
•Comfort equation method (heat balance method)
(Links environmental conditions to body thermal load)
•Predicted Mean Vote method (PMV model).
(links body thermal load to a Thermal sensation scale)
•Predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD).
(Empirically PMV is related to PPD)
Standards:
•ASHRAE Standard 55-2004: “Thermal Environmental
conditions for Human Occupancy.”
•ISO Standard 7730: “Moderate thermal environments-
Determination of the PMV and PPD Indices and specification
of the conditions for thermal comfort”.
“Thermal sensation” scale
Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)
+ 3 hot
+ 2 warm
+ 1slightly warm
PMV =0 neutral
-1 slightly cool
-2 cool
-3 cold
 PMV/PPD method
PMV = [0.303 exp ( -0.036 M ) + 0.028 ] L
L - Thermal load on the body
L = Internal heat production - heat loss to the actual environment
L = M - W - [( Csk + Rsk + Esk ) + ( Cres + Eres )]

Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD)

PPD = 100 - 95 exp [ - (0.03353 PMV4 + 0.2179 PMV2)]
 HOMEWORK
• CHOICE YOUR BUILDING
• DETERMINED THE THERMAL COMFORT
• PRESENTED WITH YOUR GROUP AND
WRITE IT IN A PAPER FORMAT