Correlation survey

And
Longitudinal survey

Reporters
Jim Aquino
Jeftee Basatan
Janel Biete
Sharewin Baludda
 CORRELATION SURVEY
correlational survey
- determines whether or not two
variables are correlated. This means to
study whether an increase or decrease in
one variable corresponds to an increase
or decrease in the other variable
• TYPES
• There are three types of correlations that are identified:
1) Positive correlation: Positive correlation between two variables is when an
increase in one variable leads to an increase in the other and a decrease in one
leads to a decrease in the other. For example, the amount of money that a
person possesses might correlate positively with the number of cars he owns.
2) Negative correlation: Negative correlation is when an increase in one variable
leads to a decrease in another and vice versa. For example, the level of
education might correlate negatively with crime. This means if by some way
the education level is improved in a country, it can lead to lower crime. Note
that this doesn't mean that a lack of education causes crime. It could be, for
example, that both lack of education and crime have a common reason:
poverty.
3) No correlation: Two variables are uncorrelated when a change in one doesn't
lead to a change in the other and vice versa. For example, among millionaires,
happiness is found to be uncorrelated to money. This means an increase in
money doesn't lead to happiness.

A correlation coefficient is usually used during a correlational study. It

varies between +1 and -1. A value close to +1 indicates a strong
positive correlation while a value close to -1 indicates strong
negative correlation. A value near zero shows that the variables are
uncorrelated
 Limitations
It is very important to remember that
correlation doesn't imply causation and there
is no way to determine or prove causation
from a correlational study. This is a common
mistake made by people in almost all spheres
of life.
• EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
 LONGITUDINAL SURVEY
A longitudinal study is an observational
research method in which data is gathered for
the same subjects repeatedly over a period of
time. Longitudinal research projects can
extend over years or even decades.
A longitudinal study is observational
research performed over a period of years or
even decades.
Longitudinal studies allow social scientists
and economists to study long-term effects in a
human population
• A cohort study is a subset of the longitudinal
study because it observes the effect on a
specific group of people over time. Quite
often, a longitudinal study is an extended case
study, observing individuals over long periods,
and is a purely qualitative undertaking.
• The lack of quantitative data means that any
observations are speculative, as with many
case studies, but they allow a unique and
valuable perspective on some aspects of
human culture and sociology.
 The 'UP' Series
The groundbreaking television documentary 'UP' is
probably the most famous example of a long-term
longitudinal study, a case study of a group of British people
from birth.

The original producer, Michael Apted, proposed

the hypothesis that children born into a certain social class
would remain entrenched in that class throughout their
life.

In 1967, he selected children from the rich, poor and

middle classes, and proceeded to interview and film them
every seven years. The highly acclaimed series is still
running, with the next set of interviews to be performed in
2011/2012, and it has provided a unique insight into the
development of British culture since the 1960's.
 Even this series highlights one of the major
flaws of a longitudinal study, the problem that
there can be no retesting or restart. Apted,
with hindsight, wished that he had used more
female subjects, showing the importance of
the initial planning stage of a longitudinal
study. Once a course of action is decided, the
clock cannot be turned back, and the results
must stand as tested.
Examples of longitudinal studies:

The Framingham Heart Study, which began in 1948 with 5,209 adult subjects from Framingham,
Massachusetts, is the source of a great deal of current knowledge about heart disease. The study
has yielded most of what is known about the effects of diet, exercise, and common medications
such as aspirin on heart disease. The Framington Heart Study is now following the third generation
of participants.

In 1971, the British Office of Population Censuses and Surveys began to follow a 1% sample of the
British population. The study has correlated various outcomes, such as mortality and incidence of
cancer, with variables such as employment status and housing.

The Terman Study of the Gifted, formerly known as the Genetic Studies of Genius, is the oldest and
longest-running longitudinal study in the world. Lewis Terman began the study in 1921, at Stanford
University, to observer the development and characteristics of gifted children over the lifespan. His
initial purpose was to disprove the then-prevalent belief that gifted children were delicate
physically and inclined to be socially inept. Terman's initial findings were that, other than
intelligence and a tendency to be myopic, gifted children were not significantly different from their
less-gifted peers.

The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) was designed to follow approximately 50,000 men
and women between the ages of 45 and 85 for at least 20 years. CLSA researchers gather
information on biological, medical, psychological, social, lifestyle and economic factors. The
purpose is to gain knowledge about the effect of those factors, both separately and in combination,
on the development of disease and disability as people age.
……The end………..

Thank you for listening

;-)