Water Distribution

Objectives

Discuss system components of water distribution system:

• Pipes and Fittings
• Valves
• Pumps
 Pipes
Pipe Head Losses
Pipe Head Losses: SI US Customary
Hazen-Williams Hazen-Williams 10.67𝐿𝑄1.85 4.52𝐿𝑄1.85
(C coefficient) ℎ𝑓 = 1.85 4.87 ℎ𝑓 = 1.85 4.87
Manning’s 𝐶 𝐷 𝐶 𝐷
Darcy-Weishbach
Manning’s 1 2/3 1/2
1.49 2/3 1/2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐴𝑅 𝑆 ℎ𝑓 = 𝐴𝑅 𝑆
(n coefficient) 𝑛 𝑛

Darcy-Weishbach 𝑓𝐿𝑉2
ℎ𝑓 =
(f coefficient) 2𝑔𝐷
Energy Loss Coefficients
Fittings and Valves
 Pumps
Types of Pumps
Dynamic Pumps:
– Pumps in which the energy is added to the water continuously and the
water is not contained in a set volume. (i.e. Centrifugal Pumps)
Displacement Pumps
– Pumps in which the energy is added to the water periodically and the
water is contained in a set volume.
 Centrifugal Pumps
A centrifugal pump is any pump in 1. Radial flow pumps displace the
which fluid is energized by a rotating fluid radially in the pump.
impeller whether the flow is radial, 2. Axial flow pumps or propeller
axial, or a combination of both pumps displace the fluid axially in
(mixed). the pump.
3. Mixed-flow pumps displace the
flow both radially and axially in the
pump.
 Centrifugal Pumps

Typical flow paths in centrifugal pump.

a) Radial flow, vertical
b) Mixed flow
c) Radial flow, horizontal
d) Axial flow
 Centrifugal Pumps

Cut section of Pipe ->

Impeller ->
Splash out due to Centrifugal force ->
Pump case called Volute ->
How Centifugal pump works:
1. Energy Transfer
2. Centrifugal Force
Centrifugal Pumps Configuration
 End Suction Centrifugal Pumps and
Split Case Pumps Piping
Suction Conditions
 End Suction Centrifugal Pumps and
Split Case Pumps Piping
Suction Piping
 Centrifugal Pumps
Pump Capacity
Pump Capacity (Q) is the flow rate or SI Units
discharge of a pump expressed in SI – m3/s for large pumps or
or US Customary units. – L/s and m3/hr for small pumps.

US Customary Units
– gpm (gal/min)
– million gallons per day
– ft3/s
 Centrifugal Pumps
Operating Characteristics
Discharge Coefficient Where:
𝑄 Q = pump capacity (m3/s, ft3/min)
𝐶𝑄 =
𝑛𝐷 3 n = speed in (rpm)
Head Coefficient D = impeller diameter (m or ft)
𝐶𝐻 =
𝐻
or 𝐶𝐻 =
𝑔𝐻 H = head in (m or ft)
𝑛2 𝐷 2 𝑛2 𝐷 2
g = acceleration due to gravity
Power Coefficient P = power input (kW or hp).
𝑃
𝐶𝑃 = 3 5 ρ = density (kg/m3, slugs/ft3)
ρ𝑛 𝐷
 Centrifugal Pumps
Operating Characteristics
Discharge Coefficient Affinity Laws:
𝑄 Pump operation for the same
𝐶𝑄 =
𝑛𝐷 3 diameter and different speeds:
Head Coefficient 𝑄1 𝑛1
𝐻 𝑔𝐻
=
𝑄2 𝑛2
𝐶𝐻 = or 𝐶𝐻 =
𝑛2 𝐷 2 𝑛2 𝐷 2
H1 𝑛1 2
Power Coefficient =
H2 𝑛2
𝑃
𝐶𝑃 = 3 5 P1 𝑛1 3
ρ𝑛 𝐷 =
P2 𝑛2
 Centrifugal Pumps
Operating Characteristics
Sample Problem
A pump operating at 1800 rpm delivers 180 gal/min at 80 ft head. If
the pump is operated at 2160 rpm what are the corresponding head
and discharge?
 Centrifugal Pumps
Operating Characteristics
Specific Speed
Obtained by eliminating D in CQ and CH.
1
𝑛𝑄 2
ns = 3
H4
Where:
Q = pump capacity (m3/s, ft3/min)
n = speed (rpm)
H = head (m or ft)
 Centrifugal Pumps
Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head
Cavitation occurs in pumps when the (NPSHA) – absolute dynamic head in
absolute pressure at the pump inlet the impeller eye
decreases below the vapor pressure of (NPSHR) – required net positive
the fluid and form bubbles. The suction head of the pump, which is
bubbles are transported through the specified by the manufacturer.
impeller, where they reach a higher
pressure and abruptly collapse.

To minimize cavitation,
NPSHA should always be greater than NPSHR
 Centrifugal Pumps
Operating Characteristics
 Centrifugal Pumps
Sample Problem
Estimate the available net positive suction head (NPSHA) for a new system
with the configuration shown in Fig 12.2.2 for a discharge of 0.12 m3/s. The
suction piping and the discharge piping are both cement mortar-lined ductile
iron pipe with a Hazel-Williams coefficient of 140. The suction piping has an
inside diameter (ID) of 300 mm and a length of 5 m. The discharge piping
has an ID of 250 mm and a length of 100 m. The static suction head is +3 m.
The system has a bell mouth entrance, two 90° bends, a gate valve on the
suction side, and a gate valve on the discharge line. The elevation is at 1000
m above mean sea level, the temperature is 20°C, and patm/ = 9.19 m.
 Centrifugal Pumps
Operating Characteristics
Centrifugal Pumps
Sample Problem
 Centrifugal Pumps
Sample Problem
From the previous situation, the manufacturer's NPSHR is 3.3. What is the
allowable suction head? The entrance loss is 0.001 m, the bend losses add
up to 0.15 m, and the sum of head losses due to friction in the suction and
discharge piping is 1.5 m.