PHYSIOLOGY OF SEXUAL MATING

I NJOMAN WIDAJADNJA
 Why Sex is
Necessary

.
 Why is Sex Necessary?
Mengapa sex diperlukan ?
• Sexually dimorphic
behaviors
– Anatomical, physiological,
and behavioral differences
between males and females
of the same species.

• Courting
• Mating
• Parental behavior
• Aggressive behavior Without these behaviors most
species would not survive
 Is Sexual Identity Learned?
Apakah ciri2 sex dipelajari?
• The case of Bruce who became
Brenda who became David
– Socialization over biology?
• XX (female) and XY (male) genes
– A person’s genetic sex is
determined by the father
(genetik sex seseorang
ditentukan oleh ayah)
– SRY gene on short arm of Y
chromosome- dictates the
development of the fetal testis
(testis-determining factor) and
triggers action of receptors to
receive chemical message
hormone brings
– SRY = regio penentu-seks dari
kromosom Y
 Is Sexual Identity Learned?
• The Y chromosome controls the
development of the glands that
produce the male sex hormones
(kromosom Y mengontrol
perkembangan kelenjar yg
memproduksi hormon kelamin
pria)

• The default sex (if the Y

chromosome isn’t present or
doesn’t work) is female (jika
kromosom Y tdk ada atau tdk
bekerja maka janin tsb wanita)
Initially, there are more males than females
• Perkembangan sex dimulai dari genom
manusia
• Setiap sel tubuh berinti (kecuali sel telur dan
sperma) mengandung 46 kromosom
• Pasangan kromosom ~ nomor diploid
• 22 pasang autosom yg cocok (homolog) + 1
pasang kromosom sex
• Sel telur n sperma : sel haploid (23 kromosom)
 Sexual Development
• Three categories of sex
organs (primary sex
characteristics)

– Gonads (testes or ovaries)

• Develop first (Sry  testes;
otherwise ovaries)
• Produce ova/sperm and secret
hormones
• Critical Period of sexual
development: Gestational weeks
7-12
– Internal sex organs
– External sex organs
 Sexual Development

Gonads can become either Testes or Ovaries

Awalnya belum bisa dkenali: bipotensial. oleh
pengaruh sinyal tepat gonad bag. korteks
berkembang jadi ovarium dan medula jadi testis.

Develop as a function of the presence or absence of SRY gene

In males, at 7th week, outer portions of gonads degenerate and
inner portions develop into testes
In females, at 11th week, inner portions of gonads degenerate
and outer portions develop into ovaries
 Sexual Development
Gonads become testes in
males

Testes - endocrine glands that

produce

• male hormones
(androgens)
• Mullerian Inhibiting
Substance

Most changes reflect the presence

or absence of androgen
• Gen SRY menghasilkan protein TDF (faktor
penentu testis) + DNA aktivasi SOX9, WT1 dan
SF1
• Perkembangan testis TIDAK membutuhkan
testosteron !
• Segera setelah testis berdiff. mulailah disekresi
3 hormon : Sel Sertoli produksi AMH (anti
mullerian hormon) sehingga duktus mulleri 
regresi.
• Sel Leydig produksi DHT (dihidrotestosteron)
• Kedua hormon androgen ini adalah steroid H
yg dominan pd Male.
• Tetapi testosteron mengubah duktus Wolfii
menjadi struktur asesorius laki2: epididimis,
vas deferens, vesikula seminalis
• Dep. Fetus selanjutnya: testosteron mengatur
migrasi testis masuk ke dlm kantong skrotum.
 Sexual Development

Gonads become ovaries in

females

Ovaries- endocrine glands that

produce

• female hormones (e.g.estrogen)

 Sexual Development
Internal sex organ precursors
• Mullerian system  female
– Develops into fimbriae, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina
(berkembang menjadi fimbria, tuba falopi, uterus, dan vagina)

• Wolffian system  male

– Develops into epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesiclesdi
(berkemabang menjadi epididimis , vas deferens, vesikula seminalis)

• Develop as a function of hormones released by testes

– Mullerian inhibiting hormone or anti Mullerian
hormone(defeminizing effect)
– Androgens (masculinizing effect): testosterone/dihydrotestosterone
 Sexual Development
Wolffian Ducts - later become

• epididymis
• vas deferens
• seminal vesicles

Mullerian Ducts - later become

• uterus
• fallopian tubes
• upper part of vagina
 Sexual Development

• External sex organs

– Penis and scrotum in males

– Labia, clitoris, and outer vagina in females

– Female development is the default

• “Nature’s impulse is to create a female”
– Male development requires androgens
Undifferentiated External Genitalia (<7
weeks)
Partially differentiated external male &
female genitalia
Fully developed male & female external
genitalia
Fetal External Genitals: Female

11-12 weeks 19 weeks

Fetal External Genitals: Female

5 months
Fetal External Genitals: Male

15 weeks 16 weeks
 Sexual Development Dysfunctions

• Androgen insensitivity syndrome ( sindrom

kekurangpekaan androgen)
– Genetic mutation that prevents the formation of androgen
receptors (mutasi genetik dimana mencegah formasi
reseptor androgen)
• Gonads become testes (normal process)
• Defeminization (normal process)
• Lack of masculinization (abnormal process)

An XY male with female external genitalia;

have a woman’s body but not internal female sex
organs
 Sexual Development Dysfunctions
disfungsi perkembangan sex
• Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome
– Failure to produce anti-Mullerian hormone (gagal
memproduksi hormon anti muleri)
– Absence of receptors for this hormone
• In an XY male, defeminization does not occur but masculanization
does
• Person is born with both sets of internal sex organs
• Turner’s syndrome
– Individuals have only one sex hormone: an X chromosome
(individu hanyamemiliki 1 kromosom X)
• Essentially develop into females (normal internal/external sex
organs)
• However, no ovaries since two XX chromosomes needed
 PUBERTY - development of secondary sex
characteristic
perkembangan karakteristik seks sekunder
Puberty occurs when hypothalamus begins to secrete gonadotropin-releasing
hormones (GnRH) causing pituitary to release (pubertas terjadi ketika hipotalamus
mulai melepaskan GnRH yg menyebabkan hipofisis mengeluarkan hormon FSH
dan LH)

– Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

– Luteinizing hormone (LH)

In males, these hormones stimulate testes to produce sperms and secrete

testosterone (androgens) (pada pria FSH dan LH menstimulasi testis u/
produksi sperma dan testosteron
In females, they stimulate the ovaries to produce estradiol (estrogens) (pada
perempuan FSH &LH stimulasi oavarium produksi estradiol)
 Puberty – cont.
• Nutrition affects age of puberty (efek nutrisi
terhadap usia pubertas)
– Reduced in developing countries (menurun pd
negara berkembang)
– Thin girls reach puberty later (wanita kurus lebih
lambat pubertas)
• Due to the presence of leptin (seharusnya ada leptin)
Hormonal
Hypothalamus
Changes in
Puberty FSH- LH-
RF RF

Anterior Pituitary
Hormonal
Hypothalamus
Changes in
Puberty FSH- LH-
RF RF

Anterior Pituitary
FSH FSH
LH ICSH(LH)

OVARIES TESTES
Hormonal
Hypothalamus
Changes in
Puberty FSH- LH-
RF RF

Anterior Pituitary
FSH FSH
LH ICSH*(LH)

OVARIES TESTES

Ovum Ovulation Testosterone

Growth Corpus Luteum

Progesterone Spermatogenesis
Estrogen
(estradiol) * Interstitial-cell stimulating hormone
 Sexual Maturation
• Secondary sex characteristics (onset of puberty)
– Females (estradiol)
• Enlarged breasts (pembesaran dada)
• Growth of the lining of the uterus (pertumbuhan lapisan uterus)
• Widened hips ( pelebaran pinggul)
• Maturation of genitalia (pematangan genitalia)
– Females (androgens)
• Underarm and pubic hair (face as well) androgen membuat pertumbuhan
rambut axilla dan pubis )
– Males (androgens)
• Facial, underarm, and pubic hair ( rambut wajah, axilla, dan rambut pubis)
• Deep voice (suara dalam)
• Alter hairline (baldness) (
• Muscle development (perkembangan otot)
• Maturation of genitalia (pematangan genital)
– Males (estradiol)
• Enlarged breasts (pemebesaran dada)
 Hormonal Control of Reproductive Cycle
• Menstrual cycle
– Begins with secretion of FSH to stimulate growth of ovarian follicles (epithelial
cells surrounding each ovum) (mulai dgn sekresi FSH utk stimulasi
pertumbuhan folikel ovarium )
– As ovarian follicles mature they secrete estradiol causing the growth of the
lining of the uterus (preparation for fertilization) (setelah folikel ovarium
matur , mereka memproduksi estradiol sehingga menyebabkan
pertumbuhan lapisan uterus)
– Increasing levels of estradiol triggers the release of LH causing ovulation
(release of ovum) (peningkatan jumlah estradiol mencetuskan pelepasan LH
menyebabkan ovulasi)
– Ovum enters a Fallopian tube and starts migrating towards uterus. (ovum
masuk ke tuba fallopi dan mulai berjalan ke uterus)
– If it meets sperm and becomes fertilized it begins to divide and then attaches
itself to uterus wall ( jika bertemu sperma dan terjadi fertilisasi mulai maka
akan diteruskan ke dinding uterus)
– If it is not fertilized, the ruptured ovarian follicle (corpus luteum) and the lining
of the uterine wall will be expelled – menstruation commences (jika tdk
terjadi fertilisasi , corpus luteum dan dinding uterus akan meluruh)
 The Ovarian Cycle

• Cycle averages 28 days (rata-rata siklus 28 hari)

• Normal cycles last between 21 and 40 days
(siklus normal alkhir antara 21-40 hari)
• Generally results in ovulation in only one ovary
per month (umumnya hasil ovulasi hanya satu
ovarium per bulan)
• If two eggs are released: Fraternal twins (jika 2
telur dilepaskan : anak kembar)
• Ovaries typically alternate
PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM

• Pseudes = palsu. Hermaphrodites = keturunan

hermes dan aphrodite yg berkelamin ganda
• Laki2 punya alat genital interna laki2, namun
ada defisiensi satu hormonnya. DHT yi 5α-
reduktase yg cacat. Meski sekresi testosteron
normal, tapi tdk adekuat shg genitalia
eksterna tdk berkembang sempurna pd
fetus dan terlahir sebagai wanita. Dan
bertumbuh n dibesarkan sebagai wanita.
• Pada saat pubertas : nampak perkembangan
maskulinisasinya  Tomboy
• Berpengaruh pd perilaku sosial dan identitas
sosial
• Apakah lingkungan ikut berperan? Masih perlu
penelitian lanjut!
 Female Sexual Physiology:
Reproductive Hormones
Hormone Where Produced
Estrogen ovaries, adrenal glands
placenta during pregnancy
Functions
Promotes maturation of reproductive
organs, development during puberty,
regulates menstrual cycle, pregnancy

Progesterone ovaries, adrenal glands Promotes breast development,

maintains uterine lining, regulates
menstrual cycle, sustains pregnancy

Gonadotropin- hypothalamus Promotes maturation of gonads,

Releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates menstrual cycle

Follicle-stimulating pituitary Regulates ovarian function and

hormone (FSH) maturation of ovarian follicles

HLED 403 Human Sexuality

 Female Sexual Physiology:
Reproductive Hormones
Hormone Where Produced Functions
Luteinizing pituitary Assists in production of estrogen and
hormone (LH) progesterone, regulates maturation of
ovarian follicles, triggers ovulation

Human chorionic embryo and placenta Helps sustain pregnancy

gonadotropin (HCG)

Testosterone adrenal glands and ovaries Helps stimulate sexual interest

Oxytocin hypothalamus stimulates uterine contractions in

childbirth

Prolactin pituitary stimulates milk production

Prostaglandins all body cells mediate hormone response, stimulate

muscle contractions

HLED 403 Human Sexuality

Hormone Actions

HLED 403 Human Sexuality

 Fertilization (pembuahan)
• The embryo produces Human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG)
• Maintains the Corpus Luteum and
progesterone levels (menjaga corpus luteum
dan tingkat progesteron)
• Further enhances the secretory phase of the
menstrual cycle

HLED 403 Human Sexuality

 Sexual response models
• Masters and Johnson

• Kaplan

• Loulan

HLED 403 Human Sexuality

 Female Sexual Response Model
• Masters and Johnson 4 Phase Model:
– Excitement (gembira/hebat)
– Plateau (stabil)
– Orgasm (orgasme/puncak nafsu)
– Resolution(ketetapan hati)

HLED 403 Human Sexuality

 Female Sexual Response Model
• Kaplan’s Tri-Phasic Model
– Desire (hasrat/keinginan)
– Excitement (gembira/heboh)
– Orgasm (orgasme)

HLED 403 Human Sexuality

 Female Sexual Response Model
• Loulan’s Sexual Response Model:
– Incorporates biological and affective
dimensions
• Willingness
• Desire (hasrat)
• Excitement (gembira)
• Engorgement (
• Orgasm
• Pleasure

HLED 403 Human Sexuality

 Desire: Mind or Matter?
• A complex interaction between
– The neural system –sensory input
– Hormones
• Occurs throughout many parts of the body
• Sexual Satisfaction Research

HLED 403 Human Sexuality

 Experiencing Sexual Arousal

• Vasocongestion ( • Clitoris swells (clitoris

membengkak)
• Myotonia • Breathing and heart rate
• Vaginal Sweating increase (laju napas dan
(vagina berair) jantung meningkat)
• Nipples become erect,
• Tenting breasts may enlarge
• Labia may enlarge or (puting tegak, pembesran
payudara)
flatten and separate
• Uterus elevates
• Sex flush (peninggian uterus)

HLED 403 Human Sexuality

 Orgasm
• As excitement increases
– Clitoris retracts beneath clitoral hood
– Vaginal opening decreases by about 1/3
– Orgasmic platform
• Continued stimulation brings orgasm:
– Rhythmic contractions
– Pleasure

HLED 403 Human Sexuality

Stages of Sexual Response: Women and
Men

HLED 403 Human Sexuality