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ANATOMY OF SKIN

dr. Ika Waraztuty


Departement of Anatomi-Histology
Faculty of Medicine
Syiah Kuala University
The Integumentary System
• Skin=Integument
• Skin + accessory organs (hair, nails, and
cutaneous glands)= Integumentary system
SKIN
• Skin has 2 layers
• Epidermis - outer layer
• Dermis – inner layer
• Largest organ of the body.
EPIDERMIS
• Epidermis:
Avascular. Depends
on blood vessels in
underlying dermis for
its nutrition
• Epidermis: keratinized
stratified squamous
epithelium
• 4 distinct cell types
• 5 distinct layers.
Primary cell type in epidermis = keratinocytes which
produce large amounts of protein keratin

Other cell types:


Melanocytes produce
pigment melanin & transfer
it to keratinocytes
Langerhans cells (immune
cells) protect against
pathogens and toxins
Merkel cells detect touch
and pressure; transfer this
information to sensory
receptors in the dermis
Skin Color
• Most significant factor is melanin
– 2 forms (1) eumelanin (brownish black) and (2) pheomelanin (reddish
yellow)
• Other factors include hemoglobin (red to pink)
and carotene (yellow)
• Different races have same # of melanocytes,
amount of melanin produced differs
• Melanin accumulates in keratinocytes
Abnormal Color
• Cyanosis—blue, lack of hemoglobin
• Erythema—abnormal redness, increased blood
flow or blood pooling
• Pallor—pale, ashen, poor blood flow
• Albinism—lack of melanin
• Jaundice—yellowing, hi levels of bilirubin (hi rate
of erythrocyte destruction
• Bronzing—deficiency of glucocorticoids
• Hematoma—bruise, blood clot
5 Layer
Stratum corneum

Stratum lucidum

Stratum
Stratum
granulosum
spinosum

Stratum
basale
The Skin
Dermis
• Thick layer under the
epidermis
• Contains blood
vessels
• Oil glands
• Sweat glands
• Hair follicles
• Fat tissue
• Nerves
• Connective tissue
1- Papillary layer:
- loose connective tissue with nipple like
surface projection called dermal papilla.
- capillaries
- contain pain receptors
- contain touch receptors (Meissner’s
corpuscles
- dermal ridges- epidermal ridges- pattern
called fingerprints
Fingerprints

Human Anatomy, 3rd edition


Prentice Hall, © 2001
2- Reticular layer:
- dense irregular c.t.
- collagen fibers offer strength
- holds water
--
DERMIS LAYER’S
Hair Structure
– Shaft
• Superficial portion
– Root
• Below the surface
– Cuticle
• Outermost layer of hair
– Hair develops in follicles
• Downward continuation of epidermis
Each hair is associated with:

One or more sebacious


(oil) glands

An arrector pili muscle

A plexus of nerves around


the root
m. Arrector Pili

–Smooth muscle attaches to follicle


–Raises hairs
–Response to fright or cold
Glands
– Sebaceous glands
• Connected to hair follicles
• Secrete a waxy, oily substance (sebum)
• Secretion increases at puberty
Sebaceous Glands
Sweat Glands

- 2 to 3 million

- Two types:
Merocrine: Distributed over all skin except nipples
(Eccrine) Duct leads to sweat pore on surface
Secreted watery sweat for cooling
Apocrine: Located only in axillary, pubic, anal regions
Larger than eccrine glands
Duct opens into opening of hair follicle
Secretes thicker sweat, high content of
proteins and fats. Contains specific scent
molecules: sexual, fear, etc.
- apocrine: axillary and pubic region
- duct empties onto hair follicle
- viscous fluid
- causes body odor (“b-o “) when
bacteria break it down
NAIL
–Nail body
–Free edge
–Nail root
• Matrix
–Lunula (moon)
Nail Structure
Nails
• Flat nails allow for fleshy, sensitive fingertips
• Serve as tools for digging, grooming and
manipulation
• Useful in medical diagnosis
– Iron deficiency—flat or concave
– Long term hypoxia (oxygen deficiency)—clubbed
Nerve endings:

- Exteroceptors (stimulus outside of body)


- Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles: deep
pressure and stretch
- Meissner’s (tactile) corpuscles: light
touch, vibration and discriminative
touch.
- hair root plexus
- free (naked) nerve endings: nociceptors
(pain) and thermoreceptors ( hot –
deep and cold- surface)
Jenis rangsang pada kulit

Jenis rangsang Receptor

Pain Akhiran saraf bebas/nosiceptor

Hot Corpusculum Ruffini

Cold Bulbus Krausse

Pressure Corpusculum Paccini

Touch Corpusculum Merckelli (Meissneri)


Pacinian corpuscle
THANK”S

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