Aslide10 Receivers 2

Chelmsford Amateur Radio Society
Advanced Course
(4) Receivers
Part-2 – Receiver Architecture
Chelmsford Amateur Radio Society Anthony Martin M1FDE Slide Set 10: v1.0, 4-Nov-2004
Advanced Licence Course (4) Receiver Architecture
1
Receiver Architecture
Receiver architecture – block-level arrangements

• Superhet receivers
• Double-conversion superhet receivers
• Mixers
• IF frequencies
• Image frequencies
• Use of high and low IF frequencies
• Local Oscillators in transceivers
2
Superhet Receivers
• The Superhet (super-heterodyne) receiver converts the input RF

frequency to another IF frequency
– All today’s broadcast receivers are superhets.
10.7MHz
AGC
145MHz
RF IF IF AF
Mixer Detector
amp amp amp amp
134.3MHz
LO 10.7MHz 10.7MHz 300Hz-3kHz
audio
3
Superhet Receivers
• Tunable RF input frequency is converted to a single IF frequency

by a tunable Local Oscillator (LO)
• Multiple tuned circuits are used to get selectivity in the IF
– This is easier to do for a fixed-frequency IF
– We can also use filters using crystals that can’t be tuned
• At high RF frequencies it is impossible to make sufficiently narrow
filters for narrow band signals
…but we can do it at a lower IF
• Amplifiers that work over wide frequency ranges (and with AGC)
are difficult to make
– But relatively simple for one fixed IF frequency
4
Choice of IF Frequency
• Practical filter bandwidths depend on Q of circuits
For an IF of 470kHz, and BW 6kHz,

Q=470/6 = 78. Realistic with LC circuits
• Practical bandwidths for crystal filters
– Depends on temperature drift, and initial accuracy
– Hand-tuned crystal filters narrower but larger and cost more
• Ceramic filters also often used
• Standard frequencies are preferred 455kHz, 1.4MHz, 10.7MHz,
21.4MHz, 45MHz, 70MHz
– Standard crystal and ceramic filters are low cost
– Oddball frequencies & bandwidths much more expensive
5
Mixer as a Converter
• Mixer may be used a frequency converter
• Changes the selected RF frequency to the IF frequency using a
tunable LO signal.
• Mixers have spurious responses – image frequency, half the RF…
• LO can be above or below the RF
• IF can be above or below the RF
~ Mixer 145MHz–123.6MHz=21.4MHz
IF frequency
RF 145MHz
~ Image frequency is
LO 123.6MHz 123.6MHz-21.4MHz=102.2MHz
6
Image Frequencies
• Image is normally 2x the IF away from the RF frequency
• On the same side as the local oscillator
– Image has a band of frequencies that corresponds to tuning range
IF IF
Image frequency
LO frequency
RF frequency
Amplitude
Front-end RF filter may

look like this
Frequency MHz
7
Choice of IF Frequency
• Image is 2x IF away from the wanted frequency
– Larger IF frequency makes suppression of image easier
– Too low an IF and the RF input filters are too difficult
– LO radiation is also a problem if it leaks up the antenna
• Tuning range of receiver cannot cross the IF
– Hence HF receivers often have a very high 1st IF, >60MHz
• Realistic RF filtering usually forces the choice of 1st IF.
– This may not be good for selectivity!
• Hence a second lower IF is often used – DUAL CONVERSION
– High 1st IF gives good image rejection
– Low 2nd IF gives good selectivity
• NBFM (2.5kHz dev) demodulation also requires a low IF, 455kHz
– For WBFM (75kHz dev) it can be greater, 10.7MHz
8
Dual Conversion Superhet
• Block diagram
AGC
AM
IF2 SSB AF
Filter Mix 1 IF1 Mix 2
CW amp
LO2 CIO
LO1
FM
9
RF Input Filter
• May be one BPF covering band of operation

– eg HF band, 2m band
– Low cost
• May be several switched filters for specific amateur bands
• For HF general coverage, may be a set covering sub-octave bands
– Generally 6 or more required
• Fully tunable filters (preselector)
– Usually expensive
• To run on a site with multiple transceivers better filters are required
10
Transceiver Block Diagram
• Shared Local oscillators in transceivers
– In transceivers, some parts are frequently shared
– Frequency synthesisers, local oscillators, IF crystal filters
RF AF
Mix 1 IF1 Mix 2 IF2 Demod
amp amp
LO1 LO2 CIO
Mic
PA Mix 1 IF1 Mix 2 IF2 Mod
amp
11

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Chelmsford Amateur Radio Society

Receiver architecture – block-level arrangements

• The Superhet (super-heterodyne) receiver converts the input RF

• Tunable RF input frequency is converted to a single IF frequency

• Practical filter bandwidths depend on Q of circuits

For an IF of 470kHz, and BW 6kHz,

Front-end RF filter may

• May be one BPF covering band of operation

LO1 LO2 CIO

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